Flow through and Volume Change Behavior of a Compacted Expansive Soil Amended with Natural Biopolymers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
4. Summary and Conclusions
- The dual porosity (characterized by low air entry due to inter-aggregate pores and high air entry due to the clay matrix) of the soil was healed using chitosan and guar gum but was enhanced by xanthan gum.
- The s-shaped swell–shrink path (comprising structural, normal, and residual stages) of the soil was converted into a j-shaped path (no structural volume change) using chitosan and guar gum but was reverted back to a more pronounced form using xanthan gum.
- The consolidation behavior of the soil was largely unaffected by the addition of biopolymers such that the saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased from 10−9 m/s to 10−12 m/s under a void ratio decrease from 1.1 to 0.6.
- At a seating stress of 5 kPa, the swelling potential (7.8%) of the soil slightly decreased to 6.9% through the addition of chitosan but was found to increase to 9.4% and 12.2% for guar gum and xanthan gum, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biopolymer | Charge | Appearance | Viscosity (cps) | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan | Cationic | Off-white to beige and faint brown to light brown powder and/or chips | 200–800 | Deacetylation ≥ 75% |
Guar gum | Neutral | White to faint to yellow, beige or brown powder | ----- | Loss on drying ≤ 13% Total ash ≤ 1% |
Xanthan gum | Anionic | Faint yellow to yellow to beige powder | 800–1200 | ----- |
Test Type | Un-Amended | Chitosan-Amended | Guar Gum-Amended | Xanthan Gum-Amnded |
---|---|---|---|---|
Specific Gravity | 3 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
Sieve and Hydrometer | 1 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
Consistency Limits | 3 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
Compaction Curve | 6 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
Compacted Sample * | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Saturation Time | 16 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
Water Retention | 12 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
Swell–Shrink | 12 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
Consolidation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Soil Property | Mean Value | Range of Values |
---|---|---|
Specific gravity, Gs | 2.71 | 2.70–2.72 |
Material finer than 4.75 mm (%) | 100 | ----- |
Material finer than 0.075 mm (%) | 90 | ----- |
Material finer than 0.002 mm (%) | 65 | ----- |
Liquid limit, wL (%) | 71 | 70–72 |
Plastic limit, wP (%) | 27 | 26–28 |
Shrinkage limit, wS (%) | 14.5 | 14–15 |
USCS symbol | CH | ----- |
Sample | Structural Stage | Normal Stage | Residual Stage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
e Range | Δe | e Range | Δe | e Range | Δe | |
Unamended | 1.23–1.11 | 0.12 | 1.11–0.60 | 0.51 | 0.60–0.43 | 0.17 |
Chitosan | ––– | ––– | 1.31–0.52 | 0.63 | 0.52–0.39 | 0.13 |
Guar gum | ––– | ––– | 1.20–0.50 | 0.55 | 0.50–0.42 | 0.08 |
Xanthan gum | 1.50–1.32 | 0.18 | 1.32–0.49 | 0.83 | 0.49–0.34 | 0.15 |
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Bukhary, A.; Azam, S. Flow through and Volume Change Behavior of a Compacted Expansive Soil Amended with Natural Biopolymers. Geotechnics 2024, 4, 322-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4010017
Bukhary A, Azam S. Flow through and Volume Change Behavior of a Compacted Expansive Soil Amended with Natural Biopolymers. Geotechnics. 2024; 4(1):322-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleBukhary, Ahmed, and Shahid Azam. 2024. "Flow through and Volume Change Behavior of a Compacted Expansive Soil Amended with Natural Biopolymers" Geotechnics 4, no. 1: 322-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4010017