Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Atmosphere: Methodology for Microplastics Size-Fractionation Sampling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sampling and Treatment of Plastic Aerosol
2.1. Revised Sampling Methods
2.2. Revised Sample Preparation
3. Size Fractionation Protocol Proposed for Atmospheric MPs
- (i)
- The dry or wet deposition, collected using no-plastic passive samplers such as the Norwegian Institute of Air Research (NILU) collector, undergoes thorough washing with pure water and then transfers to a dark glass vial.
- (ii)
- A cascade of metallic sieves, including those with mesh sizes of 125 μm, 63 μm, and 25 μm, is utilized for the size fractionation of MPs, facilitating the removal of larger non-organic/organic particles and reducing the risk of clogging.
- (iii)
- After sieving, MPs are separated into various size fractions, using suitable membrane filters with properties that lead to consideration of analysis techniques, with pore sizes of 12 and 1.2 μm. These specific pore sizes were chosen to assess the respirable fraction of microplastics, which partially fall within the size intervals defined for respirable matter PM10 and PM2.5.
- (iv)
- After sieving, the sieves and their content are placed in beakers with 200 mL of H2O2 (15%) for 12 h (overnight) at 50 °C. The matter retained on the sieve in step “ii” is detached via sonication. After organic matter digestion and eventually dispersing agglomerated particles, the sample is dispersed via ultra-sounds. It will go again through steps “ii” and “iii,” i.e., the cascade of sieves and filters.
4. Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Sampling Method | Filter Type | Filter Pore Size μm | Sampling Collect Time | Digestion | Temperature/Time | Sieving |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[41] | Passive | PTFE | 0.45 | 2018; 1 month | H2O2; 30% | RT/7 days | --- |
[42] | Active/Passive | --- | --- | 2019; --- | --- | --- | --- |
[43] | Passive | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2019–2020; 3–48 days | --- | --- | --- |
[44] | Passive/Snow | CN; glass fiber | 0.45; 1.2 | 2019; 1 time | Fenton’s reagent | 45 °C/2–3 h | --- |
[45] | Passive | --- | --- | 2019–2020; 1 month | HF | --- | --- |
[46] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.60 | 2017; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[47] | Passive | CN; glass fiber | 12; 1.6 | 2018–2019; 24 h | --- | --- | 30 |
[48] | Passive | Quartz fiber | 1.6 | 2019–2020; --- | --- | --- | --- |
[49] | Passive | CN | 3 | --- | TWEEN | 20 (0.1%) | --- |
[50] | Active | CN | 5 | 2020; 48 h | H2O2; 30% | 40 °C/2 h | 20 μm |
[51] | Passive | Silver fiber | 0.45 | 2021; 24 h | Washing with ethanol | --- | |
[52] | Passive | PTFE | 0.45 | 2017–2019; 1 week–1 month | --- | --- | |
[53] | Passive | PTFE | 0.45 | 2019; 30 min | H2O2; 30% | 55 °C/24 h | --- |
[54] | Passive | Glass fiber | 1 | 2020; --- | Fenton’s reagent (FeSO4 + H2O2) | --- | --- |
[55] | Passive | Nylon fiber | 0.22 | 2021; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[38] | Active/Passive | Aluminum oxide | 0.2 | 2018; 3 h; 1 month | Fenton’s reagent (FeSO4 + H2O2); +enzymatic digestion | 40 °C/2 h | 500 μm |
[56] | Active/Passive | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2020; 12 h | --- | --- | --- |
[57] | Passive/Dust | Silver fiber | 0.45 | --- | H2O2; 30% | 24 h | --- |
[58] | Passive/Dust | Paper | 2 | 2019; --- | H2O2; 30% | RT/10 days | 5 mm |
[59] | Passive | --- | --- | 2020; 1 week | --- | --- | --- |
[60] | Active/Dust | Paper | --- | 2019; each 7 days | H2O2; 30% | RT/8 days | 5 mm |
[61] | Passive | CN | 0.45 | 2018–2019; 96 h | H2O2; 30% | 60 °C/48 h | 0.2–5 mm |
[62] | Active | PTFE | 2 | 2020; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[63] | Active | Glass fiber | 0.3 | 2019; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[39] | Active | --- | 7.0; 4.7; 3.3; 2.1; 0.65 | 2021; 6 h | --- | --- | --- |
[64] | Active | Aluminum oxide | 0.22 | 2020–2021; 4 h | HCl; pH3 | 24 h | --- |
[65] | Active/Passive | Quartz fiber | 2.2 | - | H2O2; 30% | RT/24 h | --- |
[66] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2019–2020; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[67] | Active/Passive | Glass fiber | 3 | 2019; 12–24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[68] | Passive | CN | 0.45 | ---; 22–40 days | H2O2; 30% | RT/24 h | --- |
[69] | Passive | MCE | 5 | 2019; 7 days | H2O2; 30% | 55 °C/3 days | --- |
[70] | Passive | Glass fiber | 1.2 | 2020; 6 days | --- | --- | --- |
[71] | Active | Glass fiber; PTFE | 0.7; 0.45 | 2019; 2–3 days | H2O2; 30% | 70 °C/1 h | --- |
[72] | Active | PTFE | 2 | ---; 24 h | H2O2; 30% | RT/1 day | --- |
[73] | Passive/Dust | --- | --- | 2020; --- | --- | --- | 5–1 mm |
[74] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2017; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[40] | Active | Teflon; silver fiber | 0.2; 1.2 | ---; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[75] | Passive/Dust | Glass fiber | 0.6 | 30 days | --- | --- | --- |
[76] | Passive | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2017–2018; 1–8 days | --- | --- | --- |
[77] | Passive | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2018–2019; 1 year; 3–4 days | Bioenzym SE/F + H2O2 | 40 °C/48 h | 1 mm |
[36] | Passive/Dust | CN | 1.2 | ---; 1 day | H2O2; 30% | --- | --- |
[78] | Active | Quartz fiber; glass fiber | 2.2; 1.2 | 2020; 24 h | H2O2; 15% | RT/8 days | --- |
[79] | Active | PTFE | --- | 2019; --- | H2O2; 30% | --- | --- |
[80] | Active | Quartz fiber; PTFE; aluminum oxide | 10; 0.45; 0.2 | 2018; 8 days | H2O2; 30% | 55 °C/7 days | --- |
[81] | Active | Glass fiber | 1 | 2020; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[82] | Passive | PES | 0.45 | 2017–2019; 1–2 month | --- | --- | --- |
[83] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2019; 8 h | --- | --- | --- |
[84] | Active | --- | --- | ---; 4 h | --- | --- | 25 μm |
[85] | Active | PTFE | 2.0 | 2017; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[86] | Active/Dust | MCE | 0.8 | 2018; 6–8 h | --- | --- | --- |
[87] | Passive | Glass fiber | --- | 2018; --- | --- | --- | --- |
[88] | Active/Passive | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2018–2019; --- | H2O2; 30% + FeSO4 (0.05 M) | --- | --- |
[89] | Passive/Snow | PTFE | 0.2 | 2017; --- | --- | --- | --- |
[90] | Passive | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2017–2018; 1 month | --- | --- | --- |
[91] | Active | PC | 0.8 | 2016; 12–24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[36] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 20219; 10–48 h | --- | --- | --- |
[92] | Passive | Aluminum oxide; silver fiber | 0.2; 1.2 | 2018; 3–4 days | --- | --- | --- |
[93] | Passive | Nylon fiber | 100 | 2017; 1 min | H2O2; 30% | RT/1 week | 75 μm |
[94] | Passive | --- | --- | 2010–2014; --- | --- | --- | 150 μm |
[95] | Passive | Cellulose | 5 | 2019; 24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[96] | Passive | Glass fiber | 1.2 | 2017–2018; --- | --- | --- | 2 mm |
[97] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2018; 1 h | --- | --- | --- |
[98] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2019; 1 h | --- | --- | --- |
[37] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.6 | 2018–2019; 4–24 h | --- | --- | --- |
[99] | Active | Glass fiber | 1.2 | 2019; 48 h | H2O2; 15% | RT/8 days | --- |
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Logvina, Y.; Matas, I.M.; Ribeiro, H.; Pinto da Silva, L.; Rodrigues, P.; Leitão, J.; da Silva, J.E. Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Atmosphere: Methodology for Microplastics Size-Fractionation Sampling. Microplastics 2024, 3, 82-97. https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010006
Logvina Y, Matas IM, Ribeiro H, Pinto da Silva L, Rodrigues P, Leitão J, da Silva JE. Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Atmosphere: Methodology for Microplastics Size-Fractionation Sampling. Microplastics. 2024; 3(1):82-97. https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleLogvina, Yuliya, Isabel M. Matas, Helena Ribeiro, Luís Pinto da Silva, Pedro Rodrigues, João Leitão, and Joaquim Esteves da Silva. 2024. "Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Atmosphere: Methodology for Microplastics Size-Fractionation Sampling" Microplastics 3, no. 1: 82-97. https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010006