Standard Block and Modular Dwelling Designs in Hong Kong’s Public Housing
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Public Housing in Hong Kong
2. Standard Block and Dwelling Designs
2.1. Basic Public Housing Provision (1954–1973)
2.2. Comprehensive Provision (1973–1987)
2.3. Home Ownership (1987–2002)
2.4. Modular Design (2002–)
- Type A (1P/2P): IFA 14.1–14.5 m2, SA around 17–17.5 m2—Class A;
- Type B (2P/3P): IFA 21.4–22.0 m2, SA around 26–26.5 m2—Class A;
- Type C (3P/4P): IFA 30.2–31.0 m2, SA around 35–36 m2—Class A;
- Type D (4P/5P): IFA 35–36.1 m2, SA around 41–45 m2—Class B;
- Type E (5P or more): IFA 45 m2, SA around 52–53 m2—Class B.
3. Dwelling Size and Use
3.1. Dwelling Size
3.2. Dwelling Interior and Use
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mark I | Mark II | Mark III | Mark IV | Mark V | Mark VI | Old Slab | Twin Tower | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | Period | 1954–1964 | 1961–1964 | since 1964 | since 1965 | since 1970 | 1960s–1980s | 1970s–1980s | |
Programme | Resettlement estate (1954–1973) | PRH/TPS | PRH | ||||||
Av. household size | 1961: 4.4 | 1966: 4.7 | 1971: 4.5 | ||||||
Dwelling | Person | 5 | 4–6 | 4–8 | |||||
Size (m2) | 11.15 | 11.15 or 28.8 | 14–21 | 14–21 | 14–27 | 36–46 | |||
No. of types | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | |
Av. living space | Minimum 2.23 m2/person | Minimum 3.25 m2/person | |||||||
Partitioning | Single room, no partitions | ||||||||
Features | Balcony, electricity | Self-contained unit, balcony, electricity, water | (plus cross-ventilation) | ||||||
Block | Access | Deck access | Double-loaded corridor | Single-loaded | |||||
Units per floor | 2 slabs: 60 | 2 slabs: 68 | ca. 40 | ca. 43 | ca. 48 | ca. 58 | 2 slabs: 41–44 | 34 | |
No. of floors | 6–7 | 7–8 | 8 | 16 | 8 or 15 | 20 or 23 |
H Block | Household | I Block | New Slab | Linear | Trident I | Trident II | Trident III | Trident IV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | Period | 1976–1980s | 1980s–2000s | mid-1980s | 1980s–1990s | 1980s | 1980s–mid-1990s | |||
Programme | PRH/TPS | PRH | PRH/TPS | |||||||
Av. household size | 1981: 3.9 | 1986: 3.7 | 1991: 3.4 | |||||||
Dwelling | Person (P) or bedroom (B) | 1–6 | 1/2P; 2/3P; 1B; 2B | 4–6P | 3–4P | 4–6P | ||||
Size (m2) | 40 | IFA 17.6; 22.9; 31.7; 41.8 | 36–55 | 28 | 35–49 | |||||
No. of types | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | ||
Av. living space | Minimum 3.25 | Minimum 4.25 m2/person | Minimum 7 m2/person | |||||||
Partitioning | Single room, no partitions | Multi-room, self-partitioning | ||||||||
Features | Self-contained unit, balcony | Self-contained unit, some for elderly with larger kitchen | Self-contained unit | Self-contained unit, no balcony | Self-contained unit, cross-ventilation, no balcony | Self-contained unit, no balcony | Self-contained unit, separate window to all rooms | |||
Block | Access | Single-loaded | Site-specific block design | Double-loaded corridor | Single-loaded | Central lift core, double-loaded corridor | ||||
Units per floor | 15 | 27 | 26 | 2 slabs: 14 | 36 | 24 | 18 | |||
No. of floors | 27 | 21 | 27 | 35 |
Cruciform A | Cruciform B | Flexi 1–3 | Windwill | New Cruciform | Harmony | Concord | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | Period | 1976–1980s | 1980s–mid-2000s | 1988–mid-2000s | 1990s–mid-2000s | ||||
Programme | HOS | PSPS | HOS | PRH/HOS | HOS | ||||
Av. household size | 1991: 3.4 | 1996: 3.3 | 2001: 3.1 | ||||||
Dwelling | Person (P) or bedroom (B) | 3B | 2B | 2–3B | 1–2B | 1–3B | 1P unit/1–2P; 1B unit/2–3P; 2B unit/3–4P; 3B/5–7P | 2B; 3B | |
Size (m2) | SA 43–52 | SA 38–52 | SA 37–60 | SA 34–80 | SA 37–63 | 17; 35; 43; 52 | SA 47–61 | ||
No. of types | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 each | 2 | ||
Av. living space | Minimum 7 m2, actual up to ca. 10 m2/person | ||||||||
Partitioning | Separate rooms | Multi-room, self-partitioning | Separate rooms | ||||||
Features | Self-contained unit with separate windows to all rooms | ||||||||
Block | Access | Central core (no corridor) | Central lift core, double-loaded corridor | Central core | |||||
Units per floor | 8 | 16 | 6–10 | 10 | 16 or 18 | 8 | |||
No. of floors | 27; 37; 39 |
MFD 2008 | MFD 2011 | MFD 2015 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | Programme | PRH | PRH/HOS | ||
Av. household size | 2006: 3 | 2011: 2.9 | 2016: 2.8 | ||
Dwelling | Person (P) or bedroom (B) types | 1–2P; 2–3P; 1B; 2B | A: 1–2; B: 2–3P; C: 3–4P; D: 4–5P | E: 5 + P | |
Size (m2) | 14–14.5; 21.4–22; 30.2–31; 37–38 | 14–14.5; 21.4–22; 30.2–31; 35.36.1 | 45 | ||
No. of types | 2 each | 2; 2; 3; 3 | 2 each | 1 | |
Av. living space | Minimum 7 m2, actual up to ca. 13 m2/person (<5.5 m2 = overcrowded) | ||||
Partitioning | Multi-room, self-partitioning | ||||
Amenities, services | Self-contained unit with separate windows to all rooms (since 2013: universal design) | ||||
Block | Access and floors | Site-specific block design |
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Wang, L.; Cheng, J.C.; Mazan, W.; Jacoby, S. Standard Block and Modular Dwelling Designs in Hong Kong’s Public Housing. Architecture 2024, 4, 89-111. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4010007
Wang L, Cheng JC, Mazan W, Jacoby S. Standard Block and Modular Dwelling Designs in Hong Kong’s Public Housing. Architecture. 2024; 4(1):89-111. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Lu, Jingru Cyan Cheng, Wojciech Mazan, and Sam Jacoby. 2024. "Standard Block and Modular Dwelling Designs in Hong Kong’s Public Housing" Architecture 4, no. 1: 89-111. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4010007