Magneto-Priming of Seeds Decreases the Saline Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Broccoli Germination and Seedling Growth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Germination Test
3.2. Growth Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- On the seventh day, the stem and root lengths of primed and non-primed seeds irrigated with distilled water were significantly higher than those of seeds irrigated with wastewater. Roots of primed and non-primed seeds irrigated with distilled water were longer than those of seeds irrigated with wastewater, but only significant differences were obtained for primed seeds. Significant differences were found in total fresh weight of primed and non-primed seeds irrigated with distilled water in comparison to the seeds irrigated with wastewater;
- On the tenth day, the stem and root lengths of both primed and non-primed seeds were longer when irrigated with distilled water than with wastewater, but only significant differences were observed in the first case, and identical behaviour was observed on total fresh weight. The growth parameters of non-primed seeds were lower than those obtained for primed seeds when irrigated with distilled water, but non-significant differences were obtained for most parameters. In addition, all the growth parameters of magneto-primed seeds were higher than those obtained for non-primed seeds when irrigated with wastewater, although only significant differences were obtained for root length;
- Broccoli seedings irrigated with distilled water grew higher and heavier than the ones irrigated with wastewater, probably due to the significant amounts of salts in organic wastewater. Nonetheless, the magneto-priming of seeds decreases the saline effect of wastewater irrigation on broccoli plant growth;
- All the germination parameters were enhanced when seeds were irrigated with wastewater and magnetically treated; in comparison with those that had not been treated, the most significant differences were observed in seeds that were magneto-primed for 2 h;
- The onset of the germination, characterized by the t10 parameter, was reduced by 6 h versus the control when seeds were magneto-primed for 2 h;
- The percentage of germinated seeds irrigated with wastewater was 85 ± 3 h, while the magneto-primed seeds achieved 91 and 95%, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exposure Time | Label |
---|---|
0 | CO/CO‴ |
2 h | T1/T1‴ |
1 h | T2/T2‴ |
Label | t10 (h) | t50 (h) | t75 (h) | MGT (h) | Gmax (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C0‴ | 26.5 ± 0.3 b | 38.7 ± 2.0 b | 64.2 ± 0.9 b | 39.2 ± 1.2 b | 85 ± 3 a |
T1‴ | 20.5 ± 1.6 a | 32.8 ± 1.3 a | 49.7 ± 4.2 a | 34.2 ± 1.2 a | 91 ± 4 ab |
T2‴ | 23.2 ± 2.3 ab | 36.0 ± 2.5 ab | 47.9 ± 3.7 ab | 37.2 ± 2.4 ab | 95 ± 3 b |
Water | Label | Stem Length (cm) p < 0.01 | Root Length (cm) p < 0.01 | Fresh Weight (mg) p < 0.01 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Distilled water | D-C | 4.50 ± 0.15 b | 2.66 ± 0.19 ab | 53.20 ± 1.98 b |
D-P | 5.65 ± 0.15 c | 4.21 ± 0.18 c | 76.93 ± 1.97 c | |
Wastewater | W-C | 3.47 ± 0.15 a | 1.92 ± 0.18 a | 43.66 ± 1.96 a |
W-P | 4.05 ± 0.14 ab | 3.03 ± 0.16 b | 50.04 ± 2.00 ab |
Water | Label | Stem Length (cm) p < 0.01 | Root Length (cm) p < 0.01 | Fresh Weight (mg) p < 0.01 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Distilled water | D-C | 8.55 ± 0.21 b | 3.64 ± 0.20 b | 73.18 ± 2.36 b |
D-P | 7.62 ± 0.19 a | 3.00 ± 0.16 b | 69.16 ± 2.02 ab | |
Wastewater | W-C | 7.00 ± 0.21 a | 2.09 ± 0.19 a | 62.09 ± 2.21 a |
W-P | 7.40 ± 0.21 a | 3.18 ± 0.18 b | 66.32 ± 2.18 ab |
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Gutierrez, J.; Alonso, F.; Alvarez, J.; Carbonell, M.V.; Martinez, E.; Florez, M.; Delgado, M.d.M.; Franco, B.K.; Hernandez-Aguilar, C. Magneto-Priming of Seeds Decreases the Saline Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Broccoli Germination and Seedling Growth. Seeds 2024, 3, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds3010013
Gutierrez J, Alonso F, Alvarez J, Carbonell MV, Martinez E, Florez M, Delgado MdM, Franco BK, Hernandez-Aguilar C. Magneto-Priming of Seeds Decreases the Saline Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Broccoli Germination and Seedling Growth. Seeds. 2024; 3(1):169-178. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds3010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutierrez, Julio, Francisco Alonso, Jose Alvarez, María Victoria Carbonell, Elvira Martinez, Mercedes Florez, María del Mar Delgado, Brenda Katherine Franco, and Claudia Hernandez-Aguilar. 2024. "Magneto-Priming of Seeds Decreases the Saline Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Broccoli Germination and Seedling Growth" Seeds 3, no. 1: 169-178. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds3010013