Lead Contamination in Meat and Offal from Game (Ruminants), Destined for Raw Feeding of Dogs and Retailed in Austria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Acquisition
2.2. Analysis for Foreign Objects and Preparation of Samples for Pb Determination
2.3. Determination of Pb Concentration
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Presence of Metallic Foreign Bodies According to Metal Detector Testing and Radiological Examination
3.2. Lead Content
3.3. Distribution of Dense Particles on the Radiographs and Relation of the Presence of Metal-Dense Fragments and Pb Content
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- European Parliament and the Council. Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed. Off. J. Eur. Commun. 2002, L140, 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.-T.; Loftus, J.P.; Mann, S.; Wakshlag, J.J. Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Contamination in Over-the-Counter Available Dry Dog Foods with Different Animal Ingredients (Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish). Front. Vet. Sci. 2018, 5, 264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Available online: https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/bleibelastung-von-wildbret-durch-verwendung-von-bleimunition-bei-der-jagd.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2024).
- Thomas, V.G.; Pain, D.J.; Kanstrup, N.; Green, R.E. Setting maximum levels for lead in game meat in EC regulations: An adjunct to replacement of lead ammunition. Ambio 2020, 49, 2026–2037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gerofke, A.; Ulbig, E.; Martin, A.; Müller-Graf, C.; Selhorst, T.; Gremse, C.; Spolders, M.; Schafft, H.; Heinemeyer, G.; Greiner, M.; et al. Lead content in wild game shot with lead or non-lead ammunition—Does “state of the art consumer health protection” require non-lead ammunition? PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0200792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hampton, J.O.; Cobb, M.L.; Toop, S.D.; Flesch, J.S.; Hyndman, T.H. Elevated lead exposure in Australian hunting dogs during a deer hunting season. Environ. Pollut. 2023, 323, 121317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Høgasen, H.R.; Ørnsrud, R.; Knutsen, H.K.; Bernhoft, A. Lead intoxication in dogs: Risk assessment of feeding dogs trimmings of lead-shot game. BMC Vet. Res. 2016, 12, 152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosendahl, S.; Anturaniemi, J.; Vuori, K.A.; Moore, R.; Hemida, M.; Hielm-Björkman, A. Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs. Vet. Res. Commun. 2022, 46, 261–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Knutsen, H.K.; Brantsæter, A.L.; Fæste, C.K.; Ruus, A.; Thomsen, C.; Skåre, J.U.; Amlund, H.; Arukwe, A.; Eriksen, G.S. Risk assessment of lead exposure from cervid meat in Norwegian consumers and in hunting dogs. Eur. J. Nutr. Food Saf. 2019, 9, 104–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández, V.; Caselli, A.; Tammone, A.; Condorí, W.E.; Vanstreels, R.E.T.; Delaloye, A.; Sosa, C.; Uhart, M.M. Lead exposure in dogs fed game meat and offal from culled invasive species in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 45486–45495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, H.M. Lead poisoning in small animals. Vet. Rec. 1963, 75, 830–833. [Google Scholar]
- Kowalczyk, D.F. Lead poisoning in dogs at the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1976, 168, 428–432. [Google Scholar]
- Berny, P.J.; Cote, L.M.; Buck, W.B. Case reports of lead poisoning in dogs from the National Animal Poison Control Center and the Centre National D’Informations Toxicologiques, Veterinaires: Anecdotes or reality? Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1992, 34, 26–31. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, R.V. Lead poisoning in small companion animals: An update. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1994, 36, 18–22. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- King, J.B. Proximal tubular nephropathy in two dogs diagnosed with lead toxicity. Aust. Vet. J. 2016, 94, 280–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fine, B.P.; Vetrano, T.; Skurnick, J.; Ty, A. Blood pressure elevation in young dogs during low-level lead poisoning. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmocol. 1988, 3, 388–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huerter, L. Lead toxicosis in a puppy. Can. Vet. J. 2000, 41, 565–567. [Google Scholar]
- Srebocan, E.; Pompe-Gotal, J.; Harapin, I.; Capak, D.; Butkovic, V.; Stanin, D. Lead poisoning in a dog—A case report. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 2001, 114, 216–217. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Di Palma, C.; Pasolini, M.P.; Navas, L.; Campanile, A.; Lamagna, F.; Fatone, G.; Micieli, F.; Esposito, C.; Donnarumma, D.; Uccello, V.; et al. Endoscopic and Surgical Removal of Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies in Dogs: An Analysis of 72 Cases. Animals 2022, 12, 1376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waters, A. Raw diets: Are we at a turning point? Vet. Rec. 2017, 181, 384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodd, S.; Cave, N.; Abood, S.; Shoveller, A.-K.; Adolphe, J.; Verbrugghe, A. An observational study of pet feeding practices and how these have changed between 2008 and 2018. Vet. Rec. 2020, 186, 643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LeJeune, J.T.; Hancock, D.D. Public health concerns associated with feeding raw meat diets to dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001, 219, 1222–1225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindinger, S.; Flekna, G.; Iben, C.; Handl, S.; Paulsen, P. Aspekte der Futtermittelsicherheit, -qualität und Ernährungsphysiologie von rohem Heimtierfutter für Hunde (BARF). Wien. Tierarztl. Monat.–Vet. Med. Austria 2024, 111, Doc2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pain, D.J.; Green, R.E.; Bates, N.; Guiu, M.; Taggart, M.A. Lead concentrations in commercial dogfood containing pheasant in the UK. Ambio 2023, 52, 1339–1349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lindinger, S.; Bauer, S.; Dicakova, Z.; Pilz, B.; Paulsen, P. Microflora, Contents of Polyamines, Biogenic Amines, and TVB-N in Bovine Offal and Game Meat for the Raw-Feeding of Adult Dogs. Animals 2023, 13, 1987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Parliament and the Council. Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation). Off. J. Eur. Commun. 2009, L300, 1–47. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament and the Council. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Off. J. Eur. Commun. 2002, L31, 1–24. [Google Scholar]
- Green, R.; Taggart, M.; Pain, D.; Smithson, K. Implications for food safety of the size and location of fragments of lead shotgun pellets embedded in hunted carcasses of small game animals intended for human consumption. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0268089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sachs, L. Angewandte Statistik; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; New York, NY, USA, 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Gremse, F.; Krone, O.; Thamm, M.; Kiessling, F.; Tolba, R.H.; Rieger, S.; Gremse, C. Performance of Lead-Free versus Lead-Based Hunting Ammunition in Ballistic Soap. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e102015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trinogga, A.L.; Courtiol, A.; Krone, O. Fragmentation of lead-free and lead-based hunting rifle bullets under real life hunting conditions in Germany. Ambio 2019, 48, 1056–1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Type of Sample | Samples, n = | Suppliers, n = |
---|---|---|
Muscle tissue | 32 | 15 |
Bones | 3 | 2 |
Liver | 4 | 4 |
Rumen | 2 | 2 |
Offal mix | 6 | 3 |
Type of Sample | n = 1 | Samples Positive in the Metal Detector | Samples with Metal-Dense Particles (X-ray) | Samples with Particles ≥ 1 mm (Median and Max 2) | Samples with Particles < 1 mm (Median and Max 2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle tissue | 32 | 2 | 24 | 9 (0; 4) | 24 (4; 10) | |
Other tissues: | 15 | 1 | 11 | 4 (0; 2) | 9 (1; 10) | |
Bones | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Liver | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Rumen | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Offal mix | 6 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 6 |
Type of Sample | n = 1 | Median | Maximum | >1.5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg; n = | >10 mg/kg, n = | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle tissue | 32 | <1.5 | 57.1 | 9 | 4 | |
Other tissues: | 15 | <1.5 | 32.5 | 5 | 1 | |
Bones | 3 | <1.5 | <1.5 | 0 | 0 | |
Liver | 4 | 1.5 * | 2.3 | 2 | 0 | |
Rumen | 2 | <1.5 | <1.5 | 0 | 0 | |
Offal mix | 6 | 1.9 | 32.5 | 3 | 1 |
Pb > 1.5 mg/kg, n = | Pb ≤ 1.5 mg/kg, n = | Total, n = | |
---|---|---|---|
metal-dense objects detected | 18 | 17 | 35 |
no metal-dense objects detected | 1 | 11 | 12 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Paulsen, P.; Lindinger, S.; Eder-Rohm, K.; Eder, G.; Bauer, S. Lead Contamination in Meat and Offal from Game (Ruminants), Destined for Raw Feeding of Dogs and Retailed in Austria. Pets 2024, 1, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pets1010002
Paulsen P, Lindinger S, Eder-Rohm K, Eder G, Bauer S. Lead Contamination in Meat and Offal from Game (Ruminants), Destined for Raw Feeding of Dogs and Retailed in Austria. Pets. 2024; 1(1):3-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pets1010002
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulsen, Peter, Sarah Lindinger, Karin Eder-Rohm, Gerhard Eder, and Susanne Bauer. 2024. "Lead Contamination in Meat and Offal from Game (Ruminants), Destined for Raw Feeding of Dogs and Retailed in Austria" Pets 1, no. 1: 3-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pets1010002