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Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy
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Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Wildlife".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2024 | Viewed by 49720

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Matilde Lombardero Fernández

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Guest Editor
Unit of Veterinary Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela–Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
Interests: veterinary sciences; anatomy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. María del Mar Yllera Fernández

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unit of Veterinary Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela–Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
Interests: animal anatomy; embryology; welfare, behaviour and anatomy of laboratory animals; applied anatomy of exotic animals; veterinary embryology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues，

Studying the anatomy of domestic animals is a cornerstone in the education of future veterinarians, and is the basis for understanding such animals’ physiology and subsequent alterations in pathologic situations. However, nowadays, the interest in exotic pets as new companion animals has considerably increased, as well as in wildlife, which draws our attention from the perspective of biodiversity, and especially those endangered species that should be kept in conservation areas (such as reserves and zoos).

From the anatomical point of view, wild animals are typically considered to be similar to domestic species. However, most of these wild species have developed adaptations to their habitats, both physiological and anatomical. These could result in distinctive characteristics that must be recognised by the specialised veterinarians and technicians in charge of their care and conservation, as well as researchers. Distinguishing certain anatomical aspects could help to gain a deeper insight into the different species and, surely, such aspects will have an impact on their physiology and/or their behaviour.

Wild animals are better known in their area of origin; although globalisation has helped to spread knowledge, some anatomical information is not accurate or relevant to veterinarians and wildlife keepers. Additionally, the species known as New Companion Animals (NCA) have recently been introduced in our homes from the wild, being rather unknown to veterinary clinicians.

In consequence, we propose a Special Issue concerning “Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy”, and we encourage experts from around the world to submit manuscripts about their anatomical peculiarities, relevant to the scientific community and veterinary clinicians.

Prof. Dr. Matilde Lombardero
Prof. Dr. Mar Yllera Fernández
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wild animals
  • exotic pets
  • gross anatomy
  • microscopic anatomy
  • image-based anatomy

Published Papers (22 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 16471 KiB  
Article
An Anatomical Study Using Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Rhinoscopy of the Nasal Cavity of Domestic Cat (Felis silvestris catus L.) and Big Cats: Lion (Panthera leo leo L.), Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya L.), and Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus S.)
by Elena Díaz Martínez, Alberto Arencibia Espinosa, Marta Soler Laguía, David Kilroy, Francisco Martínez Gomariz, Diego Luis Casas García, Cayetano Sánchez Collado, Francisco Gil Cano, José Raduán Jaber and Gregorio Ramírez Zarzosa
Animals 2024, 14(8), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081172 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 604
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the normal anatomy of the nasal cavity of the three species of big cats (leopard, lion, and cheetah) compared to the domestic cat through the use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and rhinoscopy. Computed [...] Read more.
The objective of this work was to study the normal anatomy of the nasal cavity of the three species of big cats (leopard, lion, and cheetah) compared to the domestic cat through the use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and rhinoscopy. Computed tomography allowed us to clearly visualize the entire bony and cartilaginous framework that supports the nasal cavity. Magnetic resonance imaging permitted better visualization of the soft tissues of this cavity. On the other hand, rhinoscopy enabled the direct visualization of the mucosa of the vestibule and nasal cavity, which is very useful in the diagnosis of masses or foreign bodies. Furthermore, with this technique, it has been possible to observe several small orifices from the nasolacrimal duct, the pharyngeal auditory tube, and the lateral nasal gland. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and rhinoscopy are useful tools in analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity in these species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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21 pages, 36327 KiB  
Article
A Cadaveric Study Using Anatomical Cross-Section and Computed Tomography for the Coelomic Cavity in Juvenile Cory’s Shearwater (Aves, Procellariidae, Calonectris borealis)
by Alejandro Morales Espino, Soraya Déniz, Marcos Fumero-Hernández, Mario Encinoso, Pascual Calabuig, Magnolia Conde-Felipe and José Raduan Jaber
Animals 2024, 14(6), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060858 - 11 Mar 2024
Viewed by 710
Abstract
Birds play a crucial role in ecosystems, engaging in key functions such as pollination, pest control, and seed dispersal. The anatomical understanding of these species is essential to addressing emerging challenges, including climate change and habitat loss, which directly impact their survival. Detailed [...] Read more.
Birds play a crucial role in ecosystems, engaging in key functions such as pollination, pest control, and seed dispersal. The anatomical understanding of these species is essential to addressing emerging challenges, including climate change and habitat loss, which directly impact their survival. Detailed knowledge of avian anatomy is fundamental for research across various disciplines, ranging from ornithology to veterinary medicine. Therefore, this study aims to disseminate the understanding of avian anatomy and the application of computed tomography (CT) for visualizing the coelomic cavity in Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris borealis). Recent advances in comprehending the anatomical structures of this region in avian species are highlighted, with a specific focus on Cory’s Shearwater as a study model. Various anatomical cross-sections and transverse CT images were described and analyzed in detail, offering a comprehensive insight into the coelomic cavity from different perspectives. The correlation between anatomical cross-sections and CT images is emphasized as crucial for a profound understanding of avian anatomy. This research contributes to the broader knowledge of avian anatomy, with potential implications for conservation efforts and veterinary practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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29 pages, 12541 KiB  
Article
Nature or Nurture: Is the Digestive System of the Pontoporia blainvillei Influenced or Determined by Its Diet?
by Carlos Tostado-Marcos, María Julieta Olocco Diz, Rosario Martín-Orti, Juan-Pablo Loureiro, Ignacio Molpeceres-Diego, Enrique Tendillo-Domínguez, Pilar Pérez-Lloret, Inmaculada Santos-Álvarez and Juncal González-Soriano
Animals 2024, 14(5), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050661 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 902
Abstract
The Franciscana (also known as the La Plata River Dolphin) is a small dolphin that lives in the coastal waters of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. This species is considered the most endangered marine mammal in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Anatomic dissection of [...] Read more.
The Franciscana (also known as the La Plata River Dolphin) is a small dolphin that lives in the coastal waters of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. This species is considered the most endangered marine mammal in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Anatomic dissection of the digestive system of 19 animals of different ages, including 2 neonates, 12 juveniles, and 5 adults, was performed. Parameters related to length, breadth, weight, and diameter of the digestive viscera were considered in each case. Our results show that the Franciscana dolphin presents differential characteristics in relation to several parts of the digestive system, including, specifically, the tongue, the teeth, the stomach, and the small intestine. Thus, this paper add precious information to the actual knowledge of this vulnerable marine mammal species in order to improve conservation efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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8 pages, 1958 KiB  
Communication
Potential Tick Defense Associated with Skin and Hair Characteristics in Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus)
by Sang-Joon Lee, Ki-Yoon Kim, Gyurae Kim, Subin Moon, Yung-Chul Park, Ho-Seong Cho and Yeonsu Oh
Animals 2024, 14(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020185 - 05 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 915
Abstract
The Korean water deer (WD), a predominant wildlife species in South Korea, is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List. Despite belonging to the same family, Cervidae, WD show significantly fewer adult ixodid tick infestations compared to roe deer (RD). Ticks, which [...] Read more.
The Korean water deer (WD), a predominant wildlife species in South Korea, is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List. Despite belonging to the same family, Cervidae, WD show significantly fewer adult ixodid tick infestations compared to roe deer (RD). Ticks, which cannot fly, engage in questing behavior in natural environments to latch onto hosts. They detect signals like body temperature and host skin chemicals to navigate through the hair coat to the preferred epidermis. In light of this, we performed an extensive comparative study of the skin tissue and hair characteristics of both deer species, focusing on elements contributing to the reduced tick bite incidence in WD. Remarkably, WD exhibited more prominent blood vessels, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, which are crucial for skin barrier functions (p < 0.005). Moreover, WD had irregular scale patterns on their hair cuticles and possessed hair that was significantly stiffer and 2.83 times thicker than that of RD (p < 0.001). These characteristics potentially impede ticks from reaching the epidermis hair in WD and RD in the context of tick bite prevention. Further investigations in this area could enhance our understanding of tick–host dynamics and contribute to developing preventive measures against tick-borne diseases in other deer species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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14 pages, 46423 KiB  
Article
Cross Sectional Anatomy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Juvenile Atlantic Puffin Head (Aves, Alcidae, Fratercula arctica)
by Marcos Fumero-Hernández, Mario Encinoso, Ayose Melian, Himar Artiles Nuez, Doaa Salman and José Raduan Jaber
Animals 2023, 13(22), 3434; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223434 - 07 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 895
Abstract
The Atlantic puffin is a medium-sized seabird with black and white plumage and orange feet. It is distributed mainly along the northern Atlantic Ocean, and due, among other reasons, to human activities, it is in a threatened situation and classified as a vulnerable [...] Read more.
The Atlantic puffin is a medium-sized seabird with black and white plumage and orange feet. It is distributed mainly along the northern Atlantic Ocean, and due, among other reasons, to human activities, it is in a threatened situation and classified as a vulnerable species according to the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In this study, we used a total of 20 carcasses of juvenile Atlantic puffins to perform MRI, as well as anatomical cross-sections. Thus, an adequate description of the head was made, providing valuable information that could be helpful as a diagnostic tool for veterinary clinicians, who increasingly treat these birds in zoos, rehabilitation centers, and even in the wild. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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17 pages, 6092 KiB  
Article
Tongue of the Egyptian Endemic Bridled Skink (Heremites vittatus; Olivier, 1804): Gross, Electron Microscopy, Histochemistry, and Immunohistochemical Analysis
by Ramadan M. Kandyel, Om Prakash Choudhary, Sahar H. El-Nagar, Donald B. Miles and Mohamed Abumandour
Animals 2023, 13(21), 3336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213336 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 938
Abstract
The present study used light and scanning electron microscopy to describe the integrative morphological description of the tongue and laryngeal mound of Heremites vittatus, an endemic lizard of Saharan Africa. Additionally, ultrastructure, histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemical approaches were used to characterize the [...] Read more.
The present study used light and scanning electron microscopy to describe the integrative morphological description of the tongue and laryngeal mound of Heremites vittatus, an endemic lizard of Saharan Africa. Additionally, ultrastructure, histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemical approaches were used to characterize the lingual apparatus adaptations. In the present study, Heremites vittatus consisted of a complex lingual papillary system in which the ventral apical surface of the foretongue comprised conical papillae. The dorsal surface consisted of different filiform papillary (papillae filiformes) types: the anterior section had two types (bifid and pointed), and the posterior section had four types (triangular, trifid, quadrifid, and pentafid) papillae. The dorsal midtongue surface exhibits scale-like, serrated filiform papillae with anterior gland openings. The hindtongue consisted of two overlapping filiform papillae: scale-like, board-serrated papillae on the median portion and finger-like papillae on the wings. The dorsal surface of the laryngeal mound had 18 longitudinal folds with glandular openings. Histologically, the foretongue was covered by a slightly keratinized layer that was absent in the mid- and hindtongue. The lingual glands were absent from the foretongue but present in the interpapillary space in the mid- and hindtongues. We observed a few rounded taste buds in the conical papilla epithelium. Histochemical analysis revealed strong glandular Alcian Blue (AB)-positive and Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive reactions. Immunohistochemistry showed strong cytokeratin immunopositivity in all parts of the tongue. In conclusion, the obtained data about the lingual characterizations have been consistent with the active foraging behavior of the species and its environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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19 pages, 13341 KiB  
Article
Cross-Sectional Anatomy and Computed Tomography of the Coelomic Cavity in Juvenile Atlantic Puffins (Aves, Alcidae, Fratercula arctica)
by José Raduan Jaber, Marcos Fumero-Hernández, Juan Alberto Corbera, Inmaculada Morales, Manuel Amador, Gregorio Ramírez Zarzosa and Mario Encinoso
Animals 2023, 13(18), 2933; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13182933 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1169
Abstract
In birds, unlike mammals, there is no complete separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Instead, they have the coelomic cavity where most main organs are found. Therefore, an adequate knowledge of the anatomy of the coelomic cavity is of great importance for [...] Read more.
In birds, unlike mammals, there is no complete separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Instead, they have the coelomic cavity where most main organs are found. Therefore, an adequate knowledge of the anatomy of the coelomic cavity is of great importance for veterinarians, biologists and the scientific community. This study aimed to evaluate the coelomic cavity anatomy in the Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) using anatomical sections and computed tomography images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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13 pages, 47104 KiB  
Article
Cranial Investigations of Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata) by Anatomical Cross-Sections and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
by Daniel Morales-Bordon, Mario Encinoso, Alberto Arencibia and José Raduan Jaber
Animals 2023, 13(16), 2551; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162551 - 08 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 988
Abstract
This paper aimed to describe an atlas of the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) head by applying advanced imaging techniques such as MRI. Furthermore, by combining the images acquired through these techniques with anatomical sections, we obtained an adequate description of the [...] Read more.
This paper aimed to describe an atlas of the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) head by applying advanced imaging techniques such as MRI. Furthermore, by combining the images acquired through these techniques with anatomical sections, we obtained an adequate description of the structures that form the CNS and associated structures of this species. This anatomical information could serve as a valuable diagnostic tool for the clinical evaluation of different pathological processes in porcupines, such as abscesses, skull malformations, fractures, and neoplasia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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11 pages, 6881 KiB  
Article
A Cadaveric Study Using Computed Tomography for Measuring the Ocular Bulb and Scleral Skeleton of the Atlantic Puffin (Aves, Alcidae, Fratercula arctica)
by Marcos Fumero-Hernández, Mario Encinoso, Ana Sofia Ramírez, Inmaculada Morales, Alejandro Suárez Pérez and José Raduan Jaber
Animals 2023, 13(15), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152418 - 26 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 960
Abstract
Imaging diagnosis plays a fundamental role in avian medicine. However, there are few publications regarding its use in ophthalmology. Seabirds, in particular, present a peculiar ecology since their lives take place in very diverse environments: the aquatic, the terrestrial, and the aerial. This [...] Read more.
Imaging diagnosis plays a fundamental role in avian medicine. However, there are few publications regarding its use in ophthalmology. Seabirds, in particular, present a peculiar ecology since their lives take place in very diverse environments: the aquatic, the terrestrial, and the aerial. This fact implies a series of adaptations at a visual level that are necessary for adequate interaction with the environment. Therefore, knowledge of eye particularities is of great importance for the scientific community since it allows us to deepen our understanding of the ocular anatomy and biology of these animals, which are increasingly present in veterinary and wildlife centers. In our study, we performed a morphometric analysis of the ocular bulb and its internal structures in the puffin (Fratercula arctica) using advanced imaging techniques such as CT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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13 pages, 29725 KiB  
Article
Gross Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System of Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps)
by María del Mar Yllera, Diana Alonso-Peñarando and Matilde Lombardero
Animals 2023, 13(14), 2377; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142377 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3059
Abstract
We dissected carcasses of eight mature females, both parous and non-parous specimens, to study the macroscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system in the sugar glider. The genital system includes double organs, namely the right and left ones, which are completely separated. It [...] Read more.
We dissected carcasses of eight mature females, both parous and non-parous specimens, to study the macroscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system in the sugar glider. The genital system includes double organs, namely the right and left ones, which are completely separated. It includes two ovaries, two oviducts, two uteri and a vaginal complex. The uteri are fusiform-shaped and lack horns. The vaginal complex includes two lateral vaginae and a median vagina, also called the ‘birth canal’. The cranial end of both lateral vaginae partially fuses, forming an expansion named the vaginal sinus, which is divided into two parts by a longitudinal septum, one for each vagina, where the ipsilateral uterine cervix opens. The caudal end of the lateral vaginae opens into a medial and impar duct: the urogenital sinus that serves as a common passage for the reproductive and urinary systems. In non-pregnant females, only the lateral vaginae are present. In pregnant and recently parous females, a short median vagina extends from the caudal wall of the vaginal sinus to the cranial end of the urogenital sinus. In the ventral wall of this sinus, next to its caudal opening, there is a forked clitoris. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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12 pages, 2705 KiB  
Article
Geometric and Morphometric Analysis of the Auditory Ossicles in the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
by Nedžad Hadžiomerović, Ozan Gundemir, Faruk Tandir, Rizah Avdić and Muhamed Katica
Animals 2023, 13(7), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071230 - 01 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1984
Abstract
The use of carnivores as experimental models in auditory biology has led to a significant improvement regarding our understanding of the structure and function of the ear. Considering that data regarding the anatomy of the middle ear in the red fox are rare, [...] Read more.
The use of carnivores as experimental models in auditory biology has led to a significant improvement regarding our understanding of the structure and function of the ear. Considering that data regarding the anatomy of the middle ear in the red fox are rare, this study aimed to describe the morphological and morphometrical features of the auditory ossicles in the red fox, as well as to provide their shape characteristics by geometric analysis. Nine adult red foxes were used in the study. The malleus, incus and stapes were extracted from the middle ear, prepared, photographed and measured using the software. For the geometric analysis, 19 landmarks were used. Following Principal Component Analysis (PCA), PC1 was found to explain approximately half of all variance (incus: 49.97%; malleus: 49.93%; stapes: 58.49%). The study demonstrated the similar anatomical organization of the auditory ossicles in line with important morphometric and basic geometric data, which can contribute to this field and add a useful perspective to the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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10 pages, 1551 KiB  
Article
Morphometric Study of the Eyeball of the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) Using Computed Tomography (CT)
by Marcos Fumero-Hernández, Mario Encinoso Quintana, Ana S. Ramírez, Inmaculada Morales Fariña, Pascual Calabuig and José Raduan Jaber
Animals 2023, 13(6), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13061016 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1384
Abstract
The short bibliography referring to the anatomy and pathology of the eyeball of turtles poses a challenge for veterinarians and conservationists given the increasing presence of this type of turtle in veterinary and wildlife centres. Although they nest on land, these animals spend [...] Read more.
The short bibliography referring to the anatomy and pathology of the eyeball of turtles poses a challenge for veterinarians and conservationists given the increasing presence of this type of turtle in veterinary and wildlife centres. Although they nest on land, these animals spend a large part of their lives in the ocean, which entails a series of eye adaptations such as well-developed nictitating membranes, palpebral scales, highly sensitive corneas, or sclerotic rings to protect the eye. In our study, we performed a morphometric analysis of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) eyeball and its internal structures using advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there have been no studies published that describe the CT intraocular measurements of presumed normal loggerhead turtle eyes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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12 pages, 22180 KiB  
Article
Anatomical Description of Rhinoceros Iguana (Cyclura cornuta cornuta) Head by Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gross-Sections
by Eligia González Rodríguez, Mario Encinoso Quintana, Daniel Morales Bordon, José Guerra Garcés, Himar Artiles Nuez and José Raduan Jaber
Animals 2023, 13(6), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13060955 - 07 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1948
Abstract
In this paper, we attempted to elaborate on an atlas of the head of the rhinoceros iguana, applying modern imaging techniques such as CT and MRI. Furthermore, by combining the images acquired through these techniques with macroscopic anatomical sections, we obtained an adequate [...] Read more.
In this paper, we attempted to elaborate on an atlas of the head of the rhinoceros iguana, applying modern imaging techniques such as CT and MRI. Furthermore, by combining the images acquired through these techniques with macroscopic anatomical sections, we obtained an adequate description of the relevant structures that form the head of this species. This anatomical information could provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the clinical evaluation of different pathological processes in iguanas such as abscesses and osteodystrophy secondary to nutrient imbalances, skull malformations, fractures, and neoplasia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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15 pages, 3251 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Rostral Epidural Rete Mirabile and the Patterns of Its Blood Supply in Selected Suiformes and Hippopotamuses
by Maciej Zdun
Animals 2023, 13(4), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040644 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2056
Abstract
The rostral epidural rete mirabile (rete mirabile epidurale rostrale) is built of considerable small arterial vessels that anastomose with each other. This structure is formed as a result of the division of a large arterial vessel into many small arteries. Furthermore, [...] Read more.
The rostral epidural rete mirabile (rete mirabile epidurale rostrale) is built of considerable small arterial vessels that anastomose with each other. This structure is formed as a result of the division of a large arterial vessel into many small arteries. Furthermore, on the other side of the rete mirabile, these small arteries are joined together to form one large artery, through which blood flows out of the rete mirabile. This system participates in decreasing the temperature of the brain and thus protects the body from thermal stress. Moreover, it influences body–water balance and has a crucial role in the retrograde transfer of neuropeptides. The goal of this study was to describe the rostral epidural rete mirabile and pathways that provide blood to this structure as well as compare it in selected Suiformes and hippopotamuses. The study was performed on desert warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa), collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), pygmy hippopotamuses (Choeropsis liberiensis), and common hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius). Preparations were made using the latex method and corrosion cast. An elongated shape characterizes its anatomy with a much wider rostral part than caudal part in the Eurasian wild boars, desert warthogs, and collared peccaries. The main source of blood was the branch to the rostral epidural rete mirabile branched off from the internal carotid artery. Moreover, blood enters the rete by the caudal branch and rostral branch to the rostral epidural rete mirabile. In hippopotamuses, the major source of blood was the rostral branches to the rostral epidural rete mirabile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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14 pages, 5282 KiB  
Article
Histology and Ultrastructure of the Esophagus in European Beaver (Castor fiber) Displays Features Adapted to Seasonal Changes in Diet
by Kamila Martyniuk, Natalia Ziółkowska, Maria Hanuszewska-Dominiak, Natalia Szyryńska and Bogdan Lewczuk
Animals 2023, 13(4), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040635 - 11 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3896
Abstract
The European beaver is a herbivorous rodent whose diet changes seasonally, and in winter consists of large quantities of woody plants. It is distinguished among other mammals by a unique organization of the stomach that comprises the cardiogastric gland and by the unusual [...] Read more.
The European beaver is a herbivorous rodent whose diet changes seasonally, and in winter consists of large quantities of woody plants. It is distinguished among other mammals by a unique organization of the stomach that comprises the cardiogastric gland and by the unusual process of mucus formation in the gastric mucosa. The aim of study was to (i) characterize the structure of the beaver esophagus with particular attention to the mucosal epithelium; (ii) compare the histological structure of the esophagi collected in spring, summer, and winter; (iii) provide preliminary data on the structure of the esophagus in beaver fetuses. The study was conducted on esophagi of 18 adult beavers captured in Poland in April, August, and December, and on 3 fetal organs. The results obtained in adults show that the mucosa is lined with thick stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with a structure similar to that of the skin epidermis. Ultrastructural studies reveal the presence of multiple lamellar and non-lamellar bodies in granular cells, whose morphology and location gradually change while reaching the upper epithelial layers. The muscularis mucosa comprises a layer of longitudinally oriented bundles of smooth muscle cells. Both mucosa and submucosa do not comprise any glands. The thick muscularis externa consists mainly of internal circular and external longitudinal layers of striated muscle fibers. The keratinized layer of mucosa epithelium was 2-3-fold thicker in esophagi collected in winter than in those collected in spring and summer, while the epithelial cell layer thickness remained unchanged regardless of the season. Immunolabeling for proliferating cell nuclear antigen shows a higher index of epithelium proliferation in esophagi collected in winter than in spring and summer. No seasonal differences were noted in other layers of the esophagus. Fetal organs have epithelium covered with a keratinized layer, thinner than in adults, and the muscularis externa comprises both striated and smooth muscle cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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16 pages, 18725 KiB  
Article
Anatomical Description of Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) and Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) Skull by Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Reconstruction and Maximum Intensity Projection Images
by Jose Raduan Jaber Mohamad, Eligia González-Rodríguez, Alberto Arencibia, Soraya Déniz, Conrado Carrascosa and Mario Encinoso
Animals 2023, 13(4), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040621 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3003
Abstract
The growing interest in reptiles has posed a challenge to veterinary clinicians due to the lack of a standardized system to perform anatomical studies similar to those used for dogs and cats. In this paper, we have attempted to describe, employing computed tomography [...] Read more.
The growing interest in reptiles has posed a challenge to veterinary clinicians due to the lack of a standardized system to perform anatomical studies similar to those used for dogs and cats. In this paper, we have attempted to describe, employing computed tomography and subsequent three-dimensional reconstructions, the normal anatomical features that comprise the skulls of two species of reptiles: the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Computed tomography (CT) and subsequent image processing allowed the identification of the bony structures that comprise the head of these species. As a result, and based on previous articles, we propose the most significant anatomical differences and similarities between these species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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25 pages, 5943 KiB  
Article
Origin and Distribution of the Brachial Plexus in Two Procyonids (Procyon cancrivorus and Nasua nasua, Carnivora)
by Juan Fernando Vélez García, Roseãmely Angélica de Carvalho Barros and Maria Angélica Miglino
Animals 2023, 13(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020210 - 06 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4633
Abstract
Procyon cancrivorus and Nasua nasua are two procyonids with different evolutionary adaptations to use their thoracic limbs. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the differences in the brachial plexus between both species. Five P. cancrivorus and five N. nasua cadavers were used to [...] Read more.
Procyon cancrivorus and Nasua nasua are two procyonids with different evolutionary adaptations to use their thoracic limbs. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the differences in the brachial plexus between both species. Five P. cancrivorus and five N. nasua cadavers were used to perform this investigation with the permission of the bioethics committee and environmental license. Gross dissections were performed on the cervical, pectoral, and thoracic limb regions to find the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus of both species originated in a variant manner from C5-T1, C5-T2, C6-T1, or C6-T2. All brachial plexus nerves were observed and, interestingly, the musculocutaneous sent a communicating branch to the median nerve medially to the axillary artery, forming an ansa axillaris in both species. An ansa pectoralis was also observed medially to the axillary artery. Additionally, in P. cancrivorus, the musculocutaneous nerve innervates the pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis muscles and communicates with the median nerve at the elbow level to continue as a common trunk at the antebrachium. The brachial plexus has differences between both procyonids, although in both species, it could conserve a primitive arrangement present within the infraorder Arctoidea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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15 pages, 6914 KiB  
Article
The Respiratory System of the Arctocephalus australis in Comparison to the Dog as a Land-Carnivore: Are There Adaptations to Marine Life?
by Ignacio Molpeceres-Diego, Rosario Martín-Orti, Juan-Pablo Loureiro, Carlos Tostado-Marcos, Enrique Tendillo-Domínguez, Inmaculada Santos-Álvarez, Pilar Pérez-Lloret and Juncal González-Soriano
Animals 2023, 13(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020199 - 05 Jan 2023
Viewed by 2394
Abstract
Marine mammals are divided into three groups, with similar adaptations resulting from their aquatic lifestyle: sirenians, pinnipeds, and cetaceans. The present work focused on the South American fur seal, or Arctocephalus australis, a carnivore included in the pinnipeds group. We assessed whether [...] Read more.
Marine mammals are divided into three groups, with similar adaptations resulting from their aquatic lifestyle: sirenians, pinnipeds, and cetaceans. The present work focused on the South American fur seal, or Arctocephalus australis, a carnivore included in the pinnipeds group. We assessed whether the anatomical features of the Arctocephalus australis’ respiratory system are comparable to those of other land-carnivores or whether these individuals show anatomical adaptations related to their ability to dive or their breath-holding capacities. We studied 11 cadavers of Arctocephalus australis, which included adult (n = 2) and juvenile (n = 9) individuals, by anatomically dissecting their isolated entire respiratory system. Although it is generally similar to that in land-carnivores, we demonstrated that the Arctocephalus australis’s respiratory apparatus shows several specific characteristics. Therefore, our results are of great importance for clinical diagnostic and wildlife conservation purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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14 pages, 1353 KiB  
Article
Body Length and Craniometrics of Non-Native Raccoons in Two Regions in Middle Japan during Early Invasion Stages
by Takuya Kato, Fumiaki Yamasaki, Kandai Doi, Mieko Kawamichi and Shin-ichi Hayama
Animals 2023, 13(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010055 - 23 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2100
Abstract
Although the genetic distribution of introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor) in recent years is well known, few studies have examined their morphometrics, especially the relationships between sex and age in the introduced populations. The aim of this study was to describe the [...] Read more.
Although the genetic distribution of introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor) in recent years is well known, few studies have examined their morphometrics, especially the relationships between sex and age in the introduced populations. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of raccoons from parts of eastern and western Japan during their early invasion stages, focusing on the relationships between body length and the principal component of craniometrics, with region, sex, age class, body length, and body mass index using a regression model. The body length increased more in males than females and in the older age class, supporting the association with intrasexual selection and competition for food resources. Positive relationships for body length and body mass index were found in craniometric analyses, particularly regarding cranial size components, in addition to age class for both sexes, while cranial size also differed between regions for females. The relationship between body length and craniometrics was inconsistent with that of subspecies originating in North America. Given the sympatric distribution of haplotypes of multiple subspecies without reproductive-isolating barriers in North America and in several introduced areas, hybridization must have occurred prior to the introduction or naturalization of this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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11 pages, 2735 KiB  
Article
Arterial Circle of the Brain of the Red-Necked Wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus)
by Maciej Zdun, Jakub J. Ruszkowski, Maciej Gogulski, Agata Józefiak and Mateusz Hetman
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202796 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1422
Abstract
The red-necked wallaby is a medium-sized marsupial species, which have increasingly been kept as pets around the world. In the study, the arterial blood supply for the brain in this species was described. The study was conducted on 50 specimens with two preparation [...] Read more.
The red-necked wallaby is a medium-sized marsupial species, which have increasingly been kept as pets around the world. In the study, the arterial blood supply for the brain in this species was described. The study was conducted on 50 specimens with two preparation methods. The main artery supplying the brain was the internal carotid artery. The arterial circle of the brain was closed from the caudal side. The anatomy of the arteries of the described region was compared with other groups of mammals. This is the first description of this anatomical area that has been carried out in a marsupial species. Understanding the anatomy of the circulatory system in the wallaby can be valuable for further physiological and pathophysiological studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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16 pages, 24202 KiB  
Article
Morpho-Histological Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Orange-Rumped Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758), with Special Reference to Morphometry and Histometry
by Kegan Romelle Jones, Roger Edmund John and Venkatesan Sundaram
Animals 2022, 12(19), 2493; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192493 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4574
Abstract
The morphology of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a strong indicator of a species’ dietary habits. The objective of this study was to describe and quantitatively analyze the gross and microanatomy of the digestive tract of the orange/red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) [...] Read more.
The morphology of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a strong indicator of a species’ dietary habits. The objective of this study was to describe and quantitatively analyze the gross and microanatomy of the digestive tract of the orange/red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) and relate it to the feeding habits of this animal. The digestive tracts of six adult males were used for this study. The results showed that the esophagus was thick (mean thickness of 1023.78 ± 28.97 μm) and lined by keratinized epithelium with scant esophageal glands. Mucosa-associated lymphocytic infiltration was robust throughout the GI tract. These findings suggest that the esophagus was well adapted to a coarse diet. The simple stomach with well-developed gastric glands in the fundus region (mean thickness of 605.39 ± 28.68 μm) was indicative of an adaptation to a carnivorous diet. The small intestine constituted approximately 80% of the length of the GI tract. The remarkable development of the jejunum with a greater villus length (mean thickness of 182.50 ± 27.38 μm) indicated a greater absorptive capacity in frugivorous and carnivorous diets. The long cecum and well-developed colon clearly indicated that the GI tract was well adapted to frugivorous and herbivorous diets. Overall, D. leporina showed that it is well adapted to an omnivorous diet. These results suggest that D. leporina can be fed a balanced omnivorous dry diet with a high protein content of plant or animal origin that is well suited to the architecture of the GI tract in captivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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25 pages, 9671 KiB  
Article
The Digestive System of the Arctocephalus australis in Comparison to the Dog as a Land-Carnivore Model
by Rosario Martín-Orti, Carlos Tostado-Marcos, Juan-Pablo Loureiro, Ignacio Molpeceres-Diego, Enrique Tendillo-Domínguez, Inmaculada Santos-Álvarez, Pilar Pérez-Lloret and Juncal González-Soriano
Animals 2022, 12(13), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131634 - 25 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6052
Abstract
Marine mammals play a critical ecological role as both predator and prey. They are divided into three groups that share similar adaptations to their aquatic life, but that have very different origins and life patterns: sirenians, pinnipeds, cetaceans. The species object of our [...] Read more.
Marine mammals play a critical ecological role as both predator and prey. They are divided into three groups that share similar adaptations to their aquatic life, but that have very different origins and life patterns: sirenians, pinnipeds, cetaceans. The species object of our interest is the South American fur seal or Arctocephalus australis, a carnivore classified within the group of pinnipeds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the anatomical characteristics of the Arctocephalus australis’ digestive system are similar to that of other land-carnivores or if, on the contrary, this species shows anatomical adaptations related to their life in the ocean. The study was carried out on 11 cadavers of the species Arctocephalus australis, made up of two adults and nine juveniles, by means of the anatomical dissection of their entire isolated digestive system. We demonstrate that, with several exceptions, the anatomical characteristics of the digestive system of the Arctocephalus australis are similar to those in other carnivores. Therefore, our data constitute an important contribution for clinical diagnostic and conservation purposes, for both veterinarians and biologists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)
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