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Sarcopenia and Frailty Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly

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A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 20605

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Dr. Juan Mielgo-Ayuso

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Guest Editor

Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Physical Therapy Faculty, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
Interests: sarcopenia; epidemiology of nutrition; exercise; obesity; nutritional assessment; nutritional supplements; iron deficiency
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Dr. Jerónimo González-Bernal

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Department of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
Interests: stroke; quality of life; empathy; healthcare; degenerative disease; neurology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

Sarcopenia and frailty are common for the elderly and create different challenges for social and health care systems worldwide in the aging population. Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass strength and function that occurs during aging and is associated with adverse individual metabolic and physical changes contributing to morbimortality. Moreover, the implications of sarcopenia on health and socioeconomic are considerable. Sarcopenia is the main component of physical fragility that incapacitates a person, leaving them incapable of living independently. On the other hand, frailty is a biological syndrome of low resistance to stressors resulting from cumulative decreases in multiple physiological systems that collectively predispose a person to negative consequences. Frailty develops throughout old age until death as physiological reserves progressively decrease an individual's ability to recover from an acute bout of illness. Knowledge of the diagnostic variables, prevalence, and clinical consequences of sarcopenia and frailty requires the multidisciplinary implementation of a comprehensive patient-centered care plan that responds to the needs of each and is adaptable, to allow a person to maintain their independence.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Diagnostics.

Dr. Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
Dr. Jerónimo González-Bernal
Guest Editors

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Keywords

strength
muscle recovery
skeletal muscle
physical activity
exercise
nutrition
public health
elderly people
nutrition
muscle wasting
protein synthesis
lifestyle
frailty

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 1618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin C Is Essential for the Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Functions

by Shoko Takisawa, Yuka Takino, Jaewon Lee, Shuichi Machida and Akihito Ishigami

Biology 2022, 11(7), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11070955 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3213

Abstract

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, VC) is a water-soluble antioxidant essential for collagen polymerization. Previously, we reported that long-term VC deficiency causes muscle atrophy and deterioration in physical ability using female senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30)-deficient mice with a lack of VC synthesis, which is similar to that observed in humans. To determine whether these findings also hold true for male SMP30-deficient mice, two-month-old male SMP30-deficient mice were divided into two groups: the VC-treated group (VC(+)) was administered 1.5 g/L VC, and the VC-untreated group (VC(−)) was supplied water without VC. The VC level at four weeks in the gastrocnemius muscles from the VC(+) and VC(−) groups was 205.7 ± 8.5 nmol/g tissue and 13.1 ± 0.6 nmol/g tissue, respectively. Thus, four weeks was enough to reduce the VC level in the skeletal muscle in the VC-untreated group. On the other hand, muscle weights of the gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis anterior, and extensor digitorum longus in the VC(−) group were significantly reduced by VC deficiency after twelve weeks. The physical endurance of the VC(−) group at eight weeks was markedly lower than that of the VC(+) group. The grasping strength and activity in the cage in the nocturnal phases of the VC(−) group were markedly lower at twelve and sixteen weeks than those of the VC(+) group. Interestingly, muscle atrophy and declined physical ability were completely restored with VC supplementation for twelve weeks after VC deficiency. Thus, VC is essential for maintaining skeletal muscle function in both male and female SMP30-deficient mice with a lack of VC synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia and Frailty Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly)

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8 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Reallocating Time Spent in Different Physical Activity Intensities on Sarcopenia Risk in Older Adults: An Isotemporal Substitution Analysis

by Jort Veen, Diego Montiel-Rojas, Fawzi Kadi and Andreas Nilsson

Biology 2022, 11(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010111 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2514

Abstract

The role of daily time spent sedentary and in different intensities of physical activity (PA) for the maintenance of muscle health currently remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impact of reallocating time spent in different PA intensities on sarcopenia risk in older adults, while considering PA type (muscle strengthening activities, MSA) and protein intake. In a sample of 235 community-dwelling older adults (65–70 years), a sarcopenia risk score (SRS) was created based on muscle mass assessed by bioimpedance, together with handgrip strength and performance on the five times sit-to-stand (5-STS) test assessed by standardized procedures. Time spent in light-intensity PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and being sedentary was assessed by accelerometry, and PA type (MSA) by self-report. Linear regression models based on isotemporal substitution were employed. Reallocating sedentary time to at least LPA was significantly (p < 0.05) related to a lower SRS, which remained evident after adjustment by PA type (MSA) and protein intake. Similarly, reallocating time in LPA by MVPA was related to a significantly (p < 0.05) lower SRS. Our results emphasize the importance of displacing sedentary behaviours for more active pursuits, where PA of even light intensities may alleviate age-related deteriorations of muscle health in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia and Frailty Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly)

9 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Surgical and FFP2 Face Masks on Physiological Responses and Strength Performance in Persons with Sarcopenia

by Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo, Silvia Pérez-Piñero, Juan Carlos Muñoz-Carrillo, Francisco Javier López-Román, Esther García-Sánchez and Vicente Ávila-Gandía

Biology 2021, 10(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030213 - 11 Mar 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3701

Abstract

Due to COVID-19, wearing a face mask to reduce virus transmission is currently mandatory in some countries when participants practice exercise in sports centers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of wearing a surgical or FFP2 mask during a resistance training session. Fourteen people with sarcopenia (age: 59.40 ± 5.46 years; weight: 68.78 ± 8.31 kg; height: 163.84 ± 9.08 cm) that participated in the study performed three training sessions in a randomized order: 4 sets of 10 repetitions of a half-squat at 60% of the one-repetition maximum and 90 s of rest between set and were either (a) without a mask (NM), (b) wearing a surgical face mask (SM), and (c) wearing a FFP2 face mask (FFP2). We found that wearing face masks had no effect on strength performance (session mean propulsive velocity (m/s): WM: 0.396 ± 0.042; SM: 0.387 ± 0.037; and FFP2: 0.391 ± 0.042 (p = 0.918)). Additionally, no impact of wearing a mask was found on heart rate, heart rate variability, blood lactate concentration (WM: 4.17 ± 1.89; SM: 4.49 ± 2.07; and FFP2: 5.28 ± 2.45 mmol/L (p = 0.447)), or rating of perceived exertion. Wearing a surgical or FFP2 face mask during a resistance training session resulted in similar strength performance and physiological responses than the same exercise without a mask in persons with sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia and Frailty Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly)

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8 pages, 4254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Acute Effects of Hold-Relax and Static Stretching among Older Adults

by Masatoshi Nakamura, Shigeru Sato, Ryosuke Kiyono, Kaoru Yahata, Riku Yoshida, Taizan Fukaya and Andreas Konrad

Biology 2021, 10(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020126 - 5 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3737

Abstract

Various stretching techniques are generally recommended to counteract age-related declines in range of motion (ROM) and/or increased muscle stiffness. However, to date, an effective stretching technique has not yet been established for older adults. Consequently, we compared the acute effects of hold relax stretching (HRS) and static stretching (SS) on dorsiflexion (DF) ROM and muscle stiffness among older adults. Overall, 15 elderly men and nine elderly women (70.2 ± 3.9 years, 160.8 ± 7.8 cm, 59.6 ± 9.7 kg) were enrolled, and both legs were randomized to either HRS or SS stretching. We measured DF ROM and muscle stiffness using a dynamometer and ultrasonography before and after 120 s of HRS or SS interventions. Our multivariate analysis indicated no significant interaction effects, but a main effect for DF ROM. Post-hoc tests revealed that DF ROM was increased after both HRS and SS interventions. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed a significant interaction effect for muscle stiffness. Post-hoc tests revealed that muscle stiffness was decreased significantly after only SS intervention. Taken together, our results indicated that both HRS and SS interventions are recommended to increase ROM, and SS is recommended to decrease muscle stiffness in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia and Frailty Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly)

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15 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol as Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Angela Diago-Galmés, Carlos Guillamón-Escudero, Jose M. Tenías-Burillo, Jose M. Soriano and Julio Fernández-Garrido

Biology 2021, 10(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020093 - 27 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3804

Abstract

Nowadays, the appearance of sarcopenia (S) or sarcopenic obesity (SO) is related to aging. According to the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the feasibility of using salivary cortisol and testosterone levels was analyzed as diagnostic biomarkers of S or SO. One hundred and ninety non-institutionalized people aged ≥65 years were studied, independent of the activities of daily living (ADLs) (Barthel > 60), and sociodemographic variables were determined together with criteria for the diagnosis of S and SO including grip force, lower body strength, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, physical performance, total body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and triceps skinfold, together with the levels of salivary cortisol and testosterone. Our results reflected that women presented a higher prevalence of S and SO (21.2% and 30.2%, respectively). A significant difference was observed between salivary testosterone levels and the age of the participants with differences by sex. Testosterone values in men with S and SO were significantly lower (p = 0.043 and p = 0.048, respectively), which suggests a potential use of the biomarker for diagnostic purposes. No significant differences were shown with cortisol values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia and Frailty Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly)

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12 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reference Values for Handgrip Strength in the Basque Country Elderly Population

by Xabier Río, Arkaitz Larrinaga-Undabarrena, Aitor Coca and Myriam Guerra-Balic

Biology 2020, 9(12), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9120414 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2231

Abstract

Strength training is currently the most recommended primary therapeutic strategy to prevent and reverse the decline of muscle mass, strength, and functional deterioration associated with age. The aim is to provide reference values of handgrip strength (HGS) in the Basque Country population and compare the values with other populations. A total of 1869 subjects from the health-promoting programme for adults and older adults run by the Bilbao City Council were assessed using HGS with a digital dynamometer and anthropometric data measured by Tanita to obtain the mean values according to age distribution. From the 1869 subjects, 87.5% were women and 12.5% men. The HGS was higher among men than women, 32.4 ± 6.6 versus 20.1 ± 4.7 kg, respectively, p < 0.001 at all ages. Weak HGS cut-off points by age groups ranged from 31.0 to 23.8 and from 18.9 to 12.4 in men and women, respectively. The sample data were compared (d, t, and α) with those of other populations in all age groups (group > 60 years at 95% df, p < 0.05). A health-promoting programme appears to be effective in the general population in obtaining better values in the HGS test as age increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia and Frailty Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly)

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