Emerging Viral Infectious Diseases: Immunology, Therapeutics and Prevention in Post Pandemic Era

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 2441

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Interests: SARS-CoV-2; infectious diseases immunology; HIV; Virus infectious diseases vaccinology; emerging infectious diseases; global one health; veterinary vaccines & diagnostics.
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “Emerging Viral Infectious Diseases: Immunology, Therapeutics and Prevention during a Post-Pandemic Era” is mainly focused on the study of the immunology, viral–host interaction, and immunotherapy of (re-)emerging viral infectious diseases in humans, animals, and mammals. 

The world experienced a deadly pandemic in 2020, and since then, the scientific world has mainly focused on the control, prevention, and study of the aftereffects of COVID-19. During this period, the study of existing/emerging viral diseases was given a lower priority. The pandemic has changed the disease incidence, immune responses, and mortality rates of various epidemic and endemic viral diseases, such as influenza virus, RSV, etc.

Further, re-emerging viruses have the tendency to mutate and infect unnatural hosts, leading to the emergence of new viral infections with the capacity to infect humans, animals, and other mammals, and eventually leading to pandemic conditions in the future similar to COVID-19. In the phase of preparation for future pandemics, it is necessary for the research community to study in detail the changes in mechanisms underlying virus mutation, virus–host interaction, viral immunology, possible treatment, and potent vaccine candidates for viral infections post-COVID-19. With the above considerations, it is the right time to invite scientific research articles from various disciplines to demonstrate the impact the pandemic has had on the changing immunology and virus–host interaction of infectious and tropical diseases involving viruses, to update our knowledge on the various new approaches that are being implemented in viral infectious diseases research across the globe. We welcome original articles and comprehensive reviews.

Dr. Yashavanth Shaan Lakshmanappa
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

14 pages, 1769 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Safety and Potency of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine Inactivated with Different Concentrations of Formalin and Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Methods of Virus Titration in KFD Vaccine
by Ullas Gowda K. Srikanth, Chandranaik B. Marinaik, Amitha Reena Gomes, Doddamane Rathnamma, Sonnahallipura M. Byregowda, Shrikrishna Isloor, Archana Munivenkatarayappa, Mudalagiri D. Venkatesha, Suguna Rao, Apsana Rizwan and Raveendra Hegde
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071871 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2103
Abstract
We evaluated the safety and potency of the Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) vaccine inactivated with different formalin concentrations in mice, since the side effects due to higher formalin concentrations have been a major reason for vaccine refusal. Furthermore, with an objective to reduce [...] Read more.
We evaluated the safety and potency of the Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) vaccine inactivated with different formalin concentrations in mice, since the side effects due to higher formalin concentrations have been a major reason for vaccine refusal. Furthermore, with an objective to reduce the use of mice in vaccine testing, we performed quantification of the KFD virus by real-time PCR and compared it with in vivo titration in mice. The KFD vaccine prepared in chicken embryo fibroblast cells was inactivated with 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.08% concentrations of formalin. The vaccine inactivated with 0.04% and 0.06% formalin failed the safety test, whereas the KFD vaccine inactivated with 0.08% formalin was safe and potent with a log protective index of 5678 in mice. This reduced formalin content may induce no/lesser side-effects of pain/swelling which may increase the vaccine acceptance. The real-time PCR on individual KFD vaccine harvests interpreted that when the CT value of each harvest is <20, the vaccine will have sufficient viral particles to pass the potency test. Comparison of the real-time PCR on tenfold dilutions of the pooled harvests with in vivo mice inoculation test revealed that the 1MLD50 of the vaccine lies in the tenfold dilution that yields CT values between 31 and 34. Full article
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