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Biomedicines
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Advances in Lung Diseases of Neonatal Medicine
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Advances in Lung Diseases of Neonatal Medicine

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Translational Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 6939

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Fumihiko Namba

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Guest Editor
Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
Interests: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; patent ductus arteriosus; preterm infants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infants sometimes suffer from several lung diseases during their neonatal life, such as transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), pneumonia, pneumothorax, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Despite significant advances in perinatal and neonatal medicines, physicians and researchers are still trying to improve neonatal mortality and morbidities, potentially affecting both short- and long-term pulmonary outcomes in adulthood, using new techniques including new methods of surfactant administration for RDS, fetal therapy for CDH, and cell therapies for BPD.

We invite investigators to contribute original research as well as review articles addressing recent advances in lung diseases of neonatal medicine and their effects on both short-term and long-term pulmonary outcomes in children, adolescents, and adults. At the same time, research regarding the understanding of molecular mechanisms based on pharmacological treatments is welcome. We invite the submission of original, high-quality contributions that are not yet published or that are not currently under review by other journals or peer-reviewed conferences.

Dr. Fumihiko Namba
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • patent ductus arteriosus
  • lung diseases of pediatrics

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2961 KiB  
Article
Hyperoxia-Induced miR-195 Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonatal Mice
by Patrick Philpot, Fred Graumuller, Nicole Melchiorre, Varsha Prahaladan, Xander Takada, Srinarmadha Chandran, Melissa Guillermo, David Dickler, Zubair H. Aghai, Pragnya Das and Vineet Bhandari
Biomedicines 2024, 12(6), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061208 - 29 May 2024
Viewed by 950
Abstract
Background: Exposure to hyperoxia is an important factor in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm newborns. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD and provide a potential therapeutic target. Methods: This study was conducted utilizing a postnatal animal [...] Read more.
Background: Exposure to hyperoxia is an important factor in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm newborns. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD and provide a potential therapeutic target. Methods: This study was conducted utilizing a postnatal animal model of experimental hyperoxia-induced murine BPD to investigate the expression and function of miR-195 as well as its molecular signaling targets within developing mouse lung tissue. Results: miR-195 expression levels increased in response to hyperoxia in male and female lungs, with the most significant elevation occurring in 40% O2 (mild) and 60% O2 (moderate) BPD. The inhibition of miR-195 improved pulmonary morphology in the hyperoxia-induced BPD model in male and female mice with females showing more resistance to injury and better recovery of alveolar chord length, septal thickness, and radial alveolar count. Additionally, we reveal miR-195-dependent signaling pathways involved in BPD and identify PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) as a novel specific target protein of miR-195. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high levels of miR-195 in neonatal lungs cause the exacerbation of hyperoxia-induced experimental BPD while its inhibition results in amelioration. This finding suggests a therapeutic potential of miR-195 inhibition in preventing BPD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lung Diseases of Neonatal Medicine)
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17 pages, 11180 KiB  
Article
Tiny Lungs, Big Differences: Navigating the Varied COVID-19 Landscape in Neonates vs. Infants via Biomarkers and Lung Ultrasound
by Emil Robert Stoicescu, Roxana Iacob, Emil Radu Iacob, Laura Andreea Ghenciu, Cristian Oancea and Diana Luminita Manolescu
Biomedicines 2024, 12(2), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020425 - 13 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1630
Abstract
Due to their susceptibilities, neonates and infants face unique SARS-CoV-2 challenges. This retrospective study will compare the illness course, symptoms, biomarkers, and lung damage in neonates and infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection from February 2020 to October 2023. This study was conducted at two [...] Read more.
Due to their susceptibilities, neonates and infants face unique SARS-CoV-2 challenges. This retrospective study will compare the illness course, symptoms, biomarkers, and lung damage in neonates and infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection from February 2020 to October 2023. This study was conducted at two hospitals in Timisoara, Romania, using real-time multiplex PCR to diagnose and lung ultrasonography (LUS) to assess lung involvement. Neonates had a more severe clinical presentation, an increased immune response, and greater lung involvement. Neonates had more PCR-positive tests (p = 0.0089) and longer hospital stays (p = 0.0002). In neonates, LDH, CRP, and ferritin levels were higher, indicating a stronger inflammatory response. Reduced oxygen saturation in neonates indicates respiratory dysfunction. The symptoms were varied. Infants had fever, cough, and rhinorrhea, while neonates had psychomotor agitation, acute dehydration syndrome, and candidiasis. This study emphasizes individualized care and close monitoring for neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. Newborn lung ultrasonography showed different variances and severity levels, emphasizing the need for targeted surveillance and therapy. Newborns have high lung ultrasound scores (LUSS), indicating significant lung involvement. Both groups had initial lung involvement, but understanding these modest differences is crucial to improving care for these vulnerable populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lung Diseases of Neonatal Medicine)
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18 pages, 3416 KiB  
Article
COVID-19 in Infants and Children under 2 Years—Could Lung Ultrasound Score Be Correlated with Biomarkers and Symptoms?
by Emil Robert Stoicescu, Jovan Lovrenski, Roxana Iacob, Simona Cerbu, Daniela Iacob, Emil Radu Iacob, Septimiu Radu Susa, Ioana Mihaiela Ciuca, Laura Andreea Bolintineanu (Ghenciu), Andreea Ciornei-Hoffman, Cristian Oancea and Diana Luminita Manolescu
Biomedicines 2023, 11(10), 2620; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102620 - 24 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1543
Abstract
Introduction: It is already well known that infants and children infected with COVID-19 develop mild to moderate forms of the disease, with fever and oropharyngeal congestion being the most common symptoms. However, there are instances when patients claim to be experiencing respiratory symptoms. [...] Read more.
Introduction: It is already well known that infants and children infected with COVID-19 develop mild to moderate forms of the disease, with fever and oropharyngeal congestion being the most common symptoms. However, there are instances when patients claim to be experiencing respiratory symptoms. Because of the repeated lung examinations required in these situations, non-irradiating imaging techniques are preferred. This study’s objective is to ascertain the value of lung ultrasonography (LUS) in the medical management of these specific cases. Methods: Infants and children under two years old with SARS-CoV-2 infection were evaluated using LUS. Patients with other respiratory pathologies were excluded by using specific tests. The LUS score (LUSS) was correlated with biomarkers and clinical findings using the Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman’s rank correlation rho. Results: The LUSS for each patient varied from 1 to 8 points out of a maximum of 36 points. The arithmetic mean was 4.47 ± 2.36 (S.D), while the 95% CI for the arithmetic mean was 3.33 to 5.61. Sparse B-lines were present in all enrolled infants and children (100%), while only 36.84% developed alveolar syndrome (confluent B-lines). The lung changes were correlated with their biomarkers, specifically inflammatory markers. The correlation between LUSS and LDH, D-dimers, and IL-6 was a strongly positive one with rho = 0.55 (p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.80) between the LUSS and D-dimer levels and rho = 0.60 (p = 0.03, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.87) between LUSS and D-dimer levels at symptomatic infants and children (with respiratory involvement). Conclusions: Infants and children under the age of two are prone to develop mild forms of COVID-19 disease with a B-line pattern on LUS, although inflammatory markers have elevated blood levels. Despite the small sample, D-dimer levels and O2 saturation were correlated with LUSS in patients with respiratory involvement, while similar results were also found in the entire lot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lung Diseases of Neonatal Medicine)
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Review

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15 pages, 450 KiB  
Review
Tracheostomy in Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia—How to Decide in the Absence of Evidence
by Audrey N. Miller, Edward G. Shepherd, Amy Manning, Humra Shamim, Tendy Chiang, George El-Ferzli and Leif D. Nelin
Biomedicines 2023, 11(9), 2572; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092572 - 19 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1631
Abstract
Infants with the most severe forms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may require long-term invasive positive pressure ventilation for survival, therefore necessitating tracheostomy. Although life-saving, tracheostomy has also been associated with high mortality, postoperative complications, high readmission rates, neurodevelopmental impairment, and significant caregiver burden, [...] Read more.
Infants with the most severe forms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may require long-term invasive positive pressure ventilation for survival, therefore necessitating tracheostomy. Although life-saving, tracheostomy has also been associated with high mortality, postoperative complications, high readmission rates, neurodevelopmental impairment, and significant caregiver burden, making it a highly complex and challenging decision. However, for some infants tracheostomy may be necessary for survival and the only way to facilitate a timely and safe transition home. The specific indications for tracheostomy and the timing of the procedure in infants with severe BPD are currently unknown. Hence, centers and clinicians display broad variations in practice with regard to tracheostomy, which presents barriers to designing evidence-generating studies and establishing a consensus approach. As the incidence of severe BPD continues to rise, the question remains, how do we decide on tracheostomy to provide optimal outcomes for these patients? Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lung Diseases of Neonatal Medicine)
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