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Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024

A special issue of Current Issues in Molecular Biology (ISSN 1467-3045). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 47434

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Madhav Bhatia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
Interests: inflammation; acute pancreatitis; sepsis; burn injury; arthritis; hydrogen sulfide; substance P; chemokines; leukocytes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, entitled “Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024”, aims to collect comprehensive reviews in cutting-edge fields of molecular biology. We encourage researchers from related fields to contribute review papers that highlight the latest developments in molecular research, or to invite relevant experts and colleagues to do so. Full-length comprehensive reviews or new research advancements in molecular research will be preferred.

Topics include but are not limited to:

  • Molecular Biology;
  • Biochemistry;
  • Molecular Plant Sciences;
  • Molecular Microbiology;
  • Molecular Immunology;
  • Molecular Genetics and Genomics;
  • Molecular Informatics;
  • Molecular Oncology;
  • Molecular Neurobiology;
  • Molecular Pharmacology;
  • Molecular Biophysics;
  • Molecular Cell Biology;
  • Molecular Marine Biology;
  • Molecular Paleobiology;
  • Molecular Physiology;
  • Molecular Radiation Biology;
  • Molecular Reproductive Biology;
  • Molecular Zoology;
  • Structural Biology;
  • Systems Biology;
  • Molecular Pathology.

Prof. Dr. Madhav Bhatia
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • molecular biology
  • molecular plant sciences
  • molecular cell biology
  • molecular medicine
  • molecular pathology

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Published Papers (26 papers)

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Review

15 pages, 1622 KiB  
Review
Desialylation and Apoptosis in Immune Thrombocytopenia: Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment
by Shiying Silvia Zheng and José Sail Perdomo
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 11942-11956; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110709 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease in which platelet autoantibodies play a significant role in its pathogenesis. Regulatory T cell dysfunction and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity also contribute to thrombocytopenia. Current therapies are directed towards immune suppression and modulation as well as stimulation [...] Read more.
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease in which platelet autoantibodies play a significant role in its pathogenesis. Regulatory T cell dysfunction and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity also contribute to thrombocytopenia. Current therapies are directed towards immune suppression and modulation as well as stimulation of platelet production with thrombopoietin receptor agonists. Additional mechanisms of the pathogenesis of ITP have been suggested by recent experimental data. One of these processes, known as desialylation, involves antibody-induced removal of terminal sialic acid residues on platelet surface glycoproteins, leading to hepatic platelet uptake and thrombocytopenia. Apoptosis, or programmed platelet death, may also contribute to the pathogenesis of ITP. The extent of the impact of desialylation and apoptosis on ITP, the relative proportion of patients affected, and the role of antibody specificity are still the subject of investigation. This review will discuss both historical and new evidence of the influence of desialylation and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of ITP, with an emphasis on the clinical implications of these developments. Further understanding of both platelet desialylation and apoptosis might change current clinical practice and improve patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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18 pages, 2256 KiB  
Review
L-gulono-γ-lactone Oxidase, the Key Enzyme for L-Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis
by Abdul Aziz M. Gad and Agnieszka Sirko
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(10), 11057-11074; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46100657 - 1 Oct 2024
Viewed by 774
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) plays a vital role in preventing various diseases, particularly scurvy. AsA is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect against reactive oxygen species generated from metabolic activities; however, at high doses, it may exhibit pro-oxidative effects. The [...] Read more.
L-ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) plays a vital role in preventing various diseases, particularly scurvy. AsA is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect against reactive oxygen species generated from metabolic activities; however, at high doses, it may exhibit pro-oxidative effects. The final step in AsA biosynthesis is catalyzed by L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GULO). This enzyme is present in many organisms, but some animals, including humans, guinea pigs, bats, and other primates, are unable to synthesize AsA due to the absence of a functional GULO gene. The GULO enzyme belongs to the family of aldonolactone oxidoreductases (AlORs) and contains two conserved domains, an N-terminal FAD-binding region and a C-terminal HWXK motif capable of binding the flavin cofactor. In this review, we explore AsA production, the biosynthetic pathways of AsA, and the localization of GULO-like enzymes in both animal and plant cells. Additionally, we compare the amino acid sequences of AlORs across different species and summarize the findings related to their enzymatic activity. Interestingly, a recombinant C-terminal rat GULO (the cytoplasmic domain of the rat GULO expressed in Escherichia coli) demonstrated enzymatic activity. This suggests that the binding of the flavin cofactor to the HWXK motif at the C-terminus is sufficient for the formation of the enzyme’s active site. Another enzyme, GULLO7 from Arabidopsis thaliana, also lacks the N-terminal FAD-binding domain and is strongly expressed in mature pollen, although its activity has not been specifically measured. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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19 pages, 3381 KiB  
Review
Enhancing Crop Resilience: Insights from Labdane-Related Diterpenoid Phytoalexin Research in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
by Shiquan Bian, Zhong Li, Shaojie Song, Xiao Zhang, Jintao Shang, Wanli Wang, Dewen Zhang and Dahu Ni
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(9), 10677-10695; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090634 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 879
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as one of the most significant food crops worldwide, holds paramount importance for global food security. Throughout its extensive evolutionary journey, rice has evolved a diverse array of defense mechanisms to fend off pest and disease infestations. Notably, [...] Read more.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as one of the most significant food crops worldwide, holds paramount importance for global food security. Throughout its extensive evolutionary journey, rice has evolved a diverse array of defense mechanisms to fend off pest and disease infestations. Notably, labdane-related diterpenoid phytoalexins play a crucial role in aiding rice in its response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research advancements pertaining to the chemical structures, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways, as well as the molecular regulatory mechanisms, underlying labdane-related diterpenoid phytoalexins discovered in rice. This insight into the molecular regulation of labdane-related diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis offers valuable perspectives for future research aimed at improving crop resilience and productivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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18 pages, 1822 KiB  
Review
Biochemical Pathways Delivering Distinct Glycosphingolipid Patterns in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
by Anita Markotić, Jasminka Omerović, Sandra Marijan, Nikolina Režić-Mužinić and Vedrana Čikeš Čulić
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(9), 10200-10217; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090608 - 15 Sep 2024
Viewed by 714
Abstract
The complex structure of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) supports their important role in cell function as modulators of growth factor receptors and glutamine transporters in plasma membranes. The aberrant composition of clustered GSLs within signaling platforms, so-called lipid rafts, inevitably leads to tumorigenesis due to [...] Read more.
The complex structure of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) supports their important role in cell function as modulators of growth factor receptors and glutamine transporters in plasma membranes. The aberrant composition of clustered GSLs within signaling platforms, so-called lipid rafts, inevitably leads to tumorigenesis due to disturbed growth factor signal transduction and excessive uptake of glutamine and other molecules needed for increased energy and structural molecule cell supply. GSLs are also involved in plasma membrane processes such as cell adhesion, and their transition converts cells from epithelial to mesenchymal with features required for cell migration and metastasis. Glutamine activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), resulting in nucleotide synthesis and proliferation. In addition, glutamine contributes to the cancer stem cell GD2 ganglioside-positive phenotype in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative possesses higher cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 than against MCF-7 cells and induces a shift to aerobic metabolism and a decrease in S(6)nLc4Cer GSL-positive cancer stem cells in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. In this review, we discuss findings in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and other breast cancer cell lines concerning their differences in growth factor receptors and recent knowledge of the main biochemical pathways delivering distinct glycosphingolipid patterns during tumorigenesis and therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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20 pages, 833 KiB  
Review
The Neuroanatomy of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: In Vitro Models of Subcortical Nuclei in Neurodegenerative Disorders
by Alessandro Galgani, Marco Scotto and Filippo S. Giorgi
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(9), 10180-10199; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090607 - 14 Sep 2024
Viewed by 839
Abstract
Neuromodulatory subcortical systems (NSSs) are monoaminergic and cholinergic neuronal groups that are markedly and precociously involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. In humans, although many tools have been developed to infer information on these nuclei, [...] Read more.
Neuromodulatory subcortical systems (NSSs) are monoaminergic and cholinergic neuronal groups that are markedly and precociously involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. In humans, although many tools have been developed to infer information on these nuclei, encompassing neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods, a detailed and specific direct evaluation of their cellular features in vivo has been difficult to obtain until recent years. The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models has allowed research to deeply delve into the cellular and molecular biology of NSS neurons. In fact, iPSCs can be produced easily and non-invasively from patients’ fibroblasts or circulating blood monocytes, by de-differentiating those cells using specific protocols, and then be re-differentiated towards neural phenotypes, which may reproduce the specific features of the correspondent brain neurons (including NSS ones) from the same patient. In this review, we summarized findings obtained in the field of NDDs using iPSCs, with the aim to understand how reliably these might represent in vitro models of NSS. We found that most of the current literature in the field of iPSCs and NSSs in NDDs has focused on midbrain dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease, providing interesting results on cellular pathophysiology and even leading to the first human autologous transplantation. Differentiation protocols for noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic neurons have also been recently defined and published. Thus, it might be expected that in the near future, this approach could extend to other NSSs and other NDDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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14 pages, 5079 KiB  
Review
Autophagy: Are Amino Acid Signals Dependent on the mTORC1 Pathway or Independent?
by Chenglong Jin, Min Zhu, Jinling Ye, Zhiwen Song, Chuntian Zheng and Wei Chen
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8780-8793; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080519 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 832
Abstract
Autophagy is a kind of “self-eating” phenomenon that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. It mainly manifests in the damaged proteins or organelles in the cell being wrapped and transported by the autophagosome to the lysosome for degradation. Many factors cause autophagy in cells, [...] Read more.
Autophagy is a kind of “self-eating” phenomenon that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. It mainly manifests in the damaged proteins or organelles in the cell being wrapped and transported by the autophagosome to the lysosome for degradation. Many factors cause autophagy in cells, and the mechanism of nutrient-deficiency-induced autophagy has been a research focus. It has been reported that amino-acid-deficiency-induced cellular autophagy is mainly mediated through the mammalian rapamycin target protein complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. In addition, some researchers also found that non-mTORC1 signaling pathways also regulate autophagy, and the mechanism of autophagy occurrence induced by the deficiency of different amino acids is not precisely the same. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the process of various amino acids regulating cell autophagy and provide a narrative review on the molecular mechanism of amino acids regulating autophagy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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15 pages, 934 KiB  
Review
Keratins 6, 16, and 17 in Health and Disease: A Summary of Recent Findings
by Daniil D. Romashin, Tatiana V. Tolstova, Alexandra M. Varshaver, Peter M. Kozhin, Alexander L. Rusanov and Natalia G. Luzgina
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8627-8641; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080508 - 6 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
Keratins 6, 16, and 17 occupy unique positions within the keratin family. These proteins are not commonly found in the healthy, intact epidermis, but their expression increases in response to damage, inflammation, and hereditary skin conditions, as well as cancerous cell transformations and [...] Read more.
Keratins 6, 16, and 17 occupy unique positions within the keratin family. These proteins are not commonly found in the healthy, intact epidermis, but their expression increases in response to damage, inflammation, and hereditary skin conditions, as well as cancerous cell transformations and tumor growth. As a result, there is an active investigation into the potential use of these proteins as biomarkers for different pathologies. Recent studies have revealed the role of these keratins in regulating keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and growth, and more recently, their nuclear functions, including their role in maintaining nuclear structure and responding to DNA damage, have also been identified. This review aims to summarize the latest research on keratins 6, 16, and 17, their regulation in the epidermis, and their potential use as biomarkers in various skin conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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23 pages, 1035 KiB  
Review
Is Copper Still Safe for Us? What Do We Know and What Are the Latest Literature Statements?
by Angelika Edyta Charkiewicz
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8441-8463; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080498 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 949
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a precious metal and one of the three most abundant trace elements in the body (50–120 mg). It is involved in a large number of cellular mechanisms and pathways and is an essential cofactor in the function of cellular enzymes. [...] Read more.
Copper (Cu) is a precious metal and one of the three most abundant trace elements in the body (50–120 mg). It is involved in a large number of cellular mechanisms and pathways and is an essential cofactor in the function of cellular enzymes. Both its excess and deficiency may be harmful for many diseases. Even small changes in Cu concentration may be associated with significant toxicity. Consequently, it can be damaging to any organ or tissue in our body, beginning with harmful effects already at the molecular level and then affecting the degradation of individual tissues/organs and the slow development of many diseases, such as those of the immunological system, skeletal system, circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, and skin. The main purpose of this article is to review the literature with regard to both the healthiness and toxicity of copper to the human body. A secondary objective is to show its widespread use and sources, including in food and common materials in contact with humans. Its biological half-life from diet is estimated to range from 13 to 33 days. The retention or bioavailability of copper from the diet is influenced by several factors, such as age, amount and form of copper in the diet, lifestyle, and genetic background. The upper limit of normal in serum in healthy adults is approximately 1.5 mg Cu/L, while the safe upper limit of average intake is set at 10–12 mg/day, the reference limit at 0.9 mg/day, and the minimum limit at 0.6–0.7 mg/day. Cu is essential, and in the optimal dose, it provides antioxidant defense, while its deficiency reduces the body’s ability to cope with oxidative stress. The development of civilization and the constant, widespread use of Cu in all electrical devices will not be stopped, but the health of people directly related to its extraction, production, or distribution can be controlled, and the inhabitants of nearby towns can be protected. It is extremely difficult to assess the effects of copper on the human body because of its ubiquity and the increasing reports in the literature about its effects, including copper nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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21 pages, 3556 KiB  
Review
Aquaporin Modulation by Cations, a Review
by Robin Mom, Vincent Mocquet, Daniel Auguin and Stéphane Réty
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 7955-7975; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080470 - 24 Jul 2024
Viewed by 938
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channels initially discovered for their role in water flux facilitation through biological membranes. Over the years, a much more complex and subtle picture of these channels appeared, highlighting many other solutes accommodated by AQPs and a dense regulatory network [...] Read more.
Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channels initially discovered for their role in water flux facilitation through biological membranes. Over the years, a much more complex and subtle picture of these channels appeared, highlighting many other solutes accommodated by AQPs and a dense regulatory network finely tuning cell membranes’ water permeability. At the intersection between several transduction pathways (e.g., cell volume regulation, calcium signaling, potassium cycling, etc.), this wide and ancient protein family is considered an important therapeutic target for cancer treatment and many other pathophysiologies. However, a precise and isoform-specific modulation of these channels function is still challenging. Among the modulators of AQPs functions, cations have been shown to play a significant contribution, starting with mercury being historically associated with the inhibition of AQPs since their discovery. While the comprehension of AQPs modulation by cations has improved, a unifying molecular mechanism integrating all current knowledge is still lacking. In an effort to extract general trends, we reviewed all known modulations of AQPs by cations to capture a first glimpse of this regulatory network. We paid particular attention to the associated molecular mechanisms and pinpointed the residues involved in cation binding and in conformational changes tied up to the modulation of the channel function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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49 pages, 2460 KiB  
Review
Capsaicin: Emerging Pharmacological and Therapeutic Insights
by Elena Madalina Petran, Argyrios Periferakis, Lamprini Troumpata, Aristodemos-Theodoros Periferakis, Andreea-Elena Scheau, Ioana Anca Badarau, Konstantinos Periferakis, Ana Caruntu, Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler, Romina-Marina Sima, Daniela Calina, Carolina Constantin, Monica Neagu, Constantin Caruntu and Cristian Scheau
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 7895-7943; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080468 - 24 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1887
Abstract
Capsaicin, the most prominent pungent compound of chilli peppers, has been used in traditional medicine systems for centuries; it already has a number of established clinical and industrial applications. Capsaicin is known to act through the TRPV1 receptor, which exists in various tissues; [...] Read more.
Capsaicin, the most prominent pungent compound of chilli peppers, has been used in traditional medicine systems for centuries; it already has a number of established clinical and industrial applications. Capsaicin is known to act through the TRPV1 receptor, which exists in various tissues; capsaicin is hepatically metabolised, having a half-life correlated with the method of application. Research on various applications of capsaicin in different formulations is still ongoing. Thus, local capsaicin applications have a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, while systemic applications have a multitude of different effects because their increased lipophilic character ensures their augmented bioavailability. Furthermore, various teams have documented capsaicin’s anti-cancer effects, proven both in vivo and in vitro designs. A notable constraint in the therapeutic effects of capsaicin is its increased toxicity, especially in sensitive tissues. Regarding the traditional applications of capsaicin, apart from all the effects recorded as medicinal effects, the application of capsaicin in acupuncture points has been demonstrated to be effective and the combination of acupuncture and capsaicin warrants further research. Finally, capsaicin has demonstrated antimicrobial effects, which can supplement its anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic actions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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47 pages, 6054 KiB  
Review
Targeting β-Cell Plasticity: A Promising Approach for Diabetes Treatment
by Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani, Sweta Rai, Farzaneh Norouzkhani, Salma Shujat, Bo Wang, Dongping Li, Olga Kovalchuk and Igor Kovalchuk
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(7), 7621-7667; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070453 - 18 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341
Abstract
The β-cells within the pancreas play a pivotal role in insulin production and secretion, responding to fluctuations in blood glucose levels. However, factors like obesity, dietary habits, and prolonged insulin resistance can compromise β-cell function, contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes [...] Read more.
The β-cells within the pancreas play a pivotal role in insulin production and secretion, responding to fluctuations in blood glucose levels. However, factors like obesity, dietary habits, and prolonged insulin resistance can compromise β-cell function, contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). A critical aspect of this dysfunction involves β-cell dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation, wherein these cells lose their specialized characteristics and adopt different identities, notably transitioning towards progenitor or other pancreatic cell types like α-cells. This process significantly contributes to β-cell malfunction and the progression of T2D, often surpassing the impact of outright β-cell loss. Alterations in the expressions of specific genes and transcription factors unique to β-cells, along with epigenetic modifications and environmental factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, underpin the occurrence of β-cell dedifferentiation and the onset of T2D. Recent research underscores the potential therapeutic value for targeting β-cell dedifferentiation to manage T2D effectively. In this review, we aim to dissect the intricate mechanisms governing β-cell dedifferentiation and explore the therapeutic avenues stemming from these insights. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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19 pages, 1840 KiB  
Review
The Latest Look at PDT and Immune Checkpoints
by David Aebisher, Agnieszka Przygórzewska and Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(7), 7239-7257; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070430 - 8 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1057
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can not only directly eliminate cancer cells, but can also stimulate antitumor immune responses. It also affects the expression of immune checkpoints. The purpose of this review is to collect, analyze, and summarize recent news about PDT and immune checkpoints, [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can not only directly eliminate cancer cells, but can also stimulate antitumor immune responses. It also affects the expression of immune checkpoints. The purpose of this review is to collect, analyze, and summarize recent news about PDT and immune checkpoints, along with their inhibitors, and to identify future research directions that may enhance the effectiveness of this approach. A search for research articles published between January 2023 and March 2024 was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE. Eligibility criteria were as follows: (1) papers describing PDT and immune checkpoints, (2) only original research papers, (3) only papers describing new reports in the field of PDT and immune checkpoints, and (4) both in vitro and in vivo papers. Exclusion criteria included (1) papers written in a language other than Polish or English, (2) review papers, and (3) papers published before January 2023. 24 papers describing new data on PDT and immune checkpoints have been published since January 2023. These included information on the effects of PDT on immune checkpoints, and attempts to associate PDT with ICI and with other molecules to modulate immune checkpoints, improve the immunosuppressive environment of the tumor, and resolve PDT-related problems. They also focused on the development of new nanoparticles that can improve the delivery of photosensitizers and drugs selectively to the tumor. The effect of PDT on the level of immune checkpoints and the associated activity of the immune system has not been fully elucidated further, and reports in this area are divergent, indicating the complexity of the interaction between PDT and the immune system. PDT-based strategies have been shown to have a beneficial effect on the delivery of ICI to the tumor. The utility of PDT in enhancing the induction of the antitumor response by participating in the triggering of immunogenic cell death, the exposure of tumor antigens, and the release of various alarm signals that together promote the activation of dendritic cells and other components of the immune system has also been demonstrated, with the result that PDT can enhance the antitumor immune response induced by ICI therapy. PDT also enables multifaceted regulation of the tumor’s immunosuppressive environment, as a result of which ICI therapy has the potential to achieve better antitumor efficacy. The current review has presented evidence of PDT’s ability to modulate the level of immune checkpoints and the effectiveness of the association of PDT with ICIs and other molecules in inducing an effective immune response against cancer cells. However, these studies are at an early stage and many more observations need to be made to confirm their efficacy. The new research directions indicated may contribute to the development of further strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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19 pages, 1723 KiB  
Review
The Omics Revolution in Understanding Chicken Reproduction: A Comprehensive Review
by Armughan Ahmed Wadood and Xiquan Zhang
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 6248-6266; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060373 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1432
Abstract
Omics approaches have significantly contributed to our understanding of several aspects of chicken reproduction. This review paper gives an overview of the use of omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to elucidate the mechanisms of chicken reproduction. Genomics has transformed [...] Read more.
Omics approaches have significantly contributed to our understanding of several aspects of chicken reproduction. This review paper gives an overview of the use of omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to elucidate the mechanisms of chicken reproduction. Genomics has transformed the study of chicken reproduction by allowing the examination of the full genetic makeup of chickens, resulting in the discovery of genes associated with reproductive features and disorders. Transcriptomics has provided insights into the gene expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms involved in reproductive processes, allowing for a better knowledge of developmental stages and hormone regulation. Furthermore, proteomics has made it easier to identify and quantify the proteins involved in reproductive physiology to better understand the molecular mechanisms driving fertility, embryonic development, and egg quality. Metabolomics has emerged as a useful technique for understanding the metabolic pathways and biomarkers linked to reproductive performance, providing vital insights for enhancing breeding tactics and reproductive health. The integration of omics data has resulted in the identification of critical molecular pathways and biomarkers linked with chicken reproductive features, providing the opportunity for targeted genetic selection and improved reproductive management approaches. Furthermore, omics technologies have helped to create biomarkers for fertility and embryonic viability, providing the poultry sector with tools for effective breeding and reproductive health management. Finally, omics technologies have greatly improved our understanding of chicken reproduction by revealing the molecular complexities that underpin reproductive processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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30 pages, 2899 KiB  
Review
Molecular Biomarkers of Canine Reproductive Functions
by Marzena Mogielnicka-Brzozowska and Aleksandra Wiktoria Cichowska
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 6139-6168; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060367 - 17 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1212
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to review potential molecular biomarker substances selected so far as useful for assessing the quality of dog semen. Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and ions can serve as molecular biomarkers of reproductive functions (BRFs) for evaluating male reproductive [...] Read more.
The aim of the current study is to review potential molecular biomarker substances selected so far as useful for assessing the quality of dog semen. Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and ions can serve as molecular biomarkers of reproductive functions (BRFs) for evaluating male reproductive health and identifying potential risk factors for infertility or reproductive disorders. Evaluation of BRF levels in semen samples or reproductive tissues may provide insights into the underlying causes of infertility, such as impaired sperm function, abnormal sperm–egg interaction, or dysfunction of the male reproductive tract. Molecular biomarker proteins may be divided into two groups: proteins that are well-studied, such as A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), albumins (ALBs), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), clusterin (CLU), canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE), cysteine-rich secretory protein 2 (CRISP2), lactotransferrin (LTF), metalloproteinases (MMPs), and osteopontin (OPN) and proteins that are not well-studied. Non-protein markers include lipid-based substances (fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine), carbohydrates (glycosaminoglycans), and ions (zinc, calcium). Assessing the levels of BRFs in semen samples may provide valuable information for breeding management and reproductive assessments in dogs. This review systematizes current knowledge that could serve as a starting point for developing practical tests with the use of biomarkers of canine reproductive functions and their predictive value for assisted reproductive technique outcomes and semen preservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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17 pages, 1169 KiB  
Review
Cadmium Stress Signaling Pathways in Plants: Molecular Responses and Mechanisms
by Valentina Vitelli, Agnese Giamborino, Andrea Bertolini, Alessandro Saba and Andrea Andreucci
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 6052-6068; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060361 - 14 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 963
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution, specifically cadmium (Cd) contamination, is a worldwide concern for its consequences for plant health and ecosystem stability. This review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in plants and the various strategies employed by these organisms to [...] Read more.
Heavy metal (HM) pollution, specifically cadmium (Cd) contamination, is a worldwide concern for its consequences for plant health and ecosystem stability. This review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in plants and the various strategies employed by these organisms to mitigate its adverse effects. From molecular responses to physiological adaptations, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to counteract Cd stress. We highlighted the role of phytochelatins (PCn) in plant detoxification, which chelate and sequester Cd ions to prevent their accumulation and minimize toxicity. Additionally, we explored the involvement of glutathione (GSH) in mitigating oxidative damage caused by Cd exposure and discussed the regulatory mechanisms governing GSH biosynthesis. We highlighted the role of transporter proteins, such as ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs) and heavy metal ATPases (HMAs), in mediating the uptake, sequestration, and detoxification of Cd in plants. Overall, this work offered valuable insights into the physiological, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms underlying plant responses to Cd stress, providing a basis for strategies to alleviate the unfavorable effects of HM pollution on plant health and ecosystem resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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17 pages, 1497 KiB  
Review
Multi Omics Applications in Biological Systems
by Cristian D. Gutierrez Reyes, Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde, Benjamin Perez Sanchez, Jesus Chavez Reyes, Sherifdeen Onigbinde, Damir Mogut, Irma Hernández-Jasso, Denisse Calderón-Vallejo, J. Luis Quintanar and Yehia Mechref
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 5777-5793; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060345 - 11 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2881
Abstract
Traditional methodologies often fall short in addressing the complexity of biological systems. In this regard, system biology omics have brought invaluable tools for conducting comprehensive analysis. Current sequencing capabilities have revolutionized genetics and genomics studies, as well as the characterization of transcriptional profiling [...] Read more.
Traditional methodologies often fall short in addressing the complexity of biological systems. In this regard, system biology omics have brought invaluable tools for conducting comprehensive analysis. Current sequencing capabilities have revolutionized genetics and genomics studies, as well as the characterization of transcriptional profiling and dynamics of several species and sample types. Biological systems experience complex biochemical processes involving thousands of molecules. These processes occur at different levels that can be studied using mass spectrometry-based (MS-based) analysis, enabling high-throughput proteomics, glycoproteomics, glycomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics analysis. Here, we present the most up-to-date techniques utilized in the completion of omics analysis. Additionally, we include some interesting examples of the applicability of multi omics to a variety of biological systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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21 pages, 1913 KiB  
Review
Positive Effects of Physical Activity on Insulin Signaling
by Paulina Małkowska
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 5467-5487; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060327 - 30 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
Physical activity is integral to metabolic health, particularly in addressing insulin resistance and related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies consistently demonstrate a strong association between physical activity levels and insulin sensitivity. Regular exercise interventions were shown to significantly improve [...] Read more.
Physical activity is integral to metabolic health, particularly in addressing insulin resistance and related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies consistently demonstrate a strong association between physical activity levels and insulin sensitivity. Regular exercise interventions were shown to significantly improve glycemic control, highlighting exercise as a recommended therapeutic strategy for reducing insulin resistance. Physical inactivity is closely linked to islet cell insufficiency, exacerbating insulin resistance through various pathways including ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Conversely, physical training and exercise preserve and restore islet function, enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity. Exercise interventions stimulate β-cell proliferation through increased circulating levels of growth factors, further emphasizing its role in maintaining pancreatic health and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, sedentary lifestyles contribute to elevated oxidative stress levels and ceramide production, impairing insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory responses, enhances antioxidant defenses, and promotes mitochondrial function, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic efficiency. Encouraging individuals to adopt active lifestyles and engage in regular exercise is crucial for preventing and managing insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders, ultimately promoting overall health and well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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16 pages, 3720 KiB  
Review
Single-Cell Sequencing Technology in Ruminant Livestock: Challenges and Opportunities
by Avery Lyons, Jocelynn Brown and Kimberly M. Davenport
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 5291-5306; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060316 - 27 May 2024
Viewed by 1255
Abstract
Advancements in single-cell sequencing have transformed the genomics field by allowing researchers to delve into the intricate cellular heterogeneity within tissues at greater resolution. While single-cell omics are more widely applied in model organisms and humans, their use in livestock species is just [...] Read more.
Advancements in single-cell sequencing have transformed the genomics field by allowing researchers to delve into the intricate cellular heterogeneity within tissues at greater resolution. While single-cell omics are more widely applied in model organisms and humans, their use in livestock species is just beginning. Studies in cattle, sheep, and goats have already leveraged single-cell and single-nuclei RNA-seq as well as single-cell and single-nuclei ATAC-seq to delineate cellular diversity in tissues, track changes in cell populations and gene expression over developmental stages, and characterize immune cell populations important for disease resistance and resilience. Although challenges exist for the use of this technology in ruminant livestock, such as the precise annotation of unique cell populations and spatial resolution of cells within a tissue, there is vast potential to enhance our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning traits essential for healthy and productive livestock. This review intends to highlight the insights gained from published single-cell omics studies in cattle, sheep, and goats, particularly those with publicly accessible data. Further, this manuscript will discuss the challenges and opportunities of this technology in ruminant livestock and how it may contribute to enhanced profitability and sustainability of animal agriculture in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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29 pages, 1204 KiB  
Review
Soil and Mineral Nutrients in Plant Health: A Prospective Study of Iron and Phosphorus in the Growth and Development of Plants
by Mujtaba Aamir Bhat, Awdhesh Kumar Mishra, Sheezma Nazir Shah, Mudasir Ahmad Bhat, Saima Jan, Safikur Rahman, Kwang-Hyun Baek and Arif Tasleem Jan
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 5194-5222; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060312 - 24 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2069
Abstract
Plants being sessile are exposed to different environmental challenges and consequent stresses associated with them. With the prerequisite of minerals for growth and development, they coordinate their mobilization from the soil through their roots. Phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) are macro- and micronutrient; [...] Read more.
Plants being sessile are exposed to different environmental challenges and consequent stresses associated with them. With the prerequisite of minerals for growth and development, they coordinate their mobilization from the soil through their roots. Phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) are macro- and micronutrient; P serves as an important component of biological macromolecules, besides driving major cellular processes, including photosynthesis and respiration, and Fe performs the function as a cofactor for enzymes of vital metabolic pathways. These minerals help in maintaining plant vigor via alterations in the pH, nutrient content, release of exudates at the root surface, changing dynamics of root microbial population, and modulation of the activity of redox enzymes. Despite this, their low solubility and relative immobilization in soil make them inaccessible for utilization by plants. Moreover, plants have evolved distinct mechanisms to cope with these stresses and coregulate the levels of minerals (Fe, P, etc.) toward the maintenance of homeostasis. The present study aims at examining the uptake mechanisms of Fe and P, and their translocation, storage, and role in executing different cellular processes in plants. It also summarizes the toxicological aspects of these minerals in terms of their effects on germination, nutrient uptake, plant–water relationship, and overall yield. Considered as an important and indispensable component of sustainable agriculture, a separate section covers the current knowledge on the cross-talk between Fe and P and integrates complete and balanced information of their effect on plant hormone levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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15 pages, 943 KiB  
Review
Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young: State-of-the-Art Review in Molecular Autopsy
by Cecilia Salzillo, Vincenza Sansone and Francesco Napolitano
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(4), 3313-3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46040207 - 10 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1567
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as unexpected death due to a cardiac cause that occurs rapidly. Despite the identification of prevention strategies, SCD remains a serious public health problem worldwide, accounting for 15–20% of all deaths, and is therefore a challenge for [...] Read more.
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as unexpected death due to a cardiac cause that occurs rapidly. Despite the identification of prevention strategies, SCD remains a serious public health problem worldwide, accounting for 15–20% of all deaths, and is therefore a challenge for modern medicine, especially when it affects young people. Sudden cardiac death in young people affects the population aged ≤ 35 years, including athletes and non-athletes, and it is due to various hereditary and non-hereditary causes. After an autopsy, if the cause remains unknown, it is called sudden unexplained death, often attributable to genetic causes. In these cases, molecular autopsy—post-mortem genetic testing—is essential to facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways and/or the monitoring of family members of the cases. This review aims to elaborate on cardiac disorders marked by genetic mutations, necessitating the post-mortem genetic investigation of the deceased for an accurate diagnosis in order to facilitate informed genetic counseling and to implement preventive strategies for family members of the cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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16 pages, 1757 KiB  
Review
Revisiting Neuroblastoma: Nrf2, NF-κB and Phox2B as a Promising Network in Neuroblastoma
by Sara Peggion, Safiullah Najem, Jan Philipp Kolman, Konrad Reinshagen and Laia Pagerols Raluy
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(4), 3193-3208; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46040200 - 6 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1493
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common solid extracranial tumor during childhood; it displays extraordinary heterogeneous clinical courses, from spontaneous regression to poor outcome in high-risk patients due to aggressive growth, metastasizing, and treatment resistance. Therefore, the identification and detailed analysis of promising tumorigenic molecular [...] Read more.
Neuroblastoma is the most common solid extracranial tumor during childhood; it displays extraordinary heterogeneous clinical courses, from spontaneous regression to poor outcome in high-risk patients due to aggressive growth, metastasizing, and treatment resistance. Therefore, the identification and detailed analysis of promising tumorigenic molecular mechanisms are inevitable. This review highlights the abnormal regulation of NF-κB, Nrf2, and Phox2B as well as their interactions among each other in neuroblastoma. NF-κB and Nrf2 play a key role in antioxidant responses, anti-inflammatory regulation and tumor chemoresistance. Recent studies revealed a regulation of NF-κB by means of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) system. On the other hand, Phox2B contributes to the differentiation of immature sympathetic nervous system stem cells: this transcription factor regulates the expression of RET, thereby facilitating cell survival and proliferation. As observed in other tumors, we presume striking interactions between NF-κB, Nrf2, and Phox2B, which might constitute an important crosstalk triangle, whose decompensation may trigger a more aggressive phenotype. Consequently, these transcription factors could be a promising target for novel therapeutic approaches and hence, further investigation on their regulation in neuroblastoma shall be reinforced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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20 pages, 749 KiB  
Review
Micro(nano)plastics and Their Potential Impact on Human Gut Health: A Narrative Review
by Carlo Covello, Federica Di Vincenzo, Giovanni Cammarota and Marco Pizzoferrato
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(3), 2658-2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46030168 - 21 Mar 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3364
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are becoming an increasingly severe global problem due to their widespread distribution and complex impact on living organisms. Apart from their environmental impact, the effects of MNPs on living organisms have also continued to attract attention. The harmful impact [...] Read more.
Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are becoming an increasingly severe global problem due to their widespread distribution and complex impact on living organisms. Apart from their environmental impact, the effects of MNPs on living organisms have also continued to attract attention. The harmful impact of MNPs has been extensively documented in marine invertebrates and larger marine vertebrates like fish. However, the research on the toxicity of these particles on mammals is still limited, and their possible effects on humans are poorly understood. Considering that MNPs are commonly found in food or food packaging, humans are primarily exposed to them through ingestion. It would be valuable to investigate the potential harmful effects of these particles on gut health. This review focuses on recent research exploring the toxicological impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on the gut, as observed in human cell lines and mammalian models. Available data from various studies indicate that the accumulation of MNPs in mammalian models and human cells may result in adverse consequences, in terms of epithelial toxicity, immune toxicity, and the disruption of the gut microbiota. The paper also discusses the current research limitations and prospects in this field, aiming to provide a scientific basis and reference for further studies on the toxic mechanisms of micro- and nanoplastics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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28 pages, 4059 KiB  
Review
Use of Collagen in Cosmetic Products
by Barbara Jadach, Zofia Mielcarek and Tomasz Osmałek
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(3), 2043-2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46030132 - 4 Mar 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7231
Abstract
Collagen (CLG) belongs to the family of fibrillar proteins and is composed of left-handed α polypeptide chains, which, twisting around themselves and their axis, form a right-handed superhelix. In the chemical structure, it contains mainly proline, hydroxyproline, glycine, and hydroxylysine. It occurs naturally [...] Read more.
Collagen (CLG) belongs to the family of fibrillar proteins and is composed of left-handed α polypeptide chains, which, twisting around themselves and their axis, form a right-handed superhelix. In the chemical structure, it contains mainly proline, hydroxyproline, glycine, and hydroxylysine. It occurs naturally in the dermis in the form of fibers that provide the skin with proper density and elasticity. The review aimed to present the types of collagen protein, factors affecting its structure and its unusual role in the functioning of the human body. Also, an overview of cosmetic products containing collagen or its derivatives, the characteristics of the formulas of these products, and the effects of their use were presented. Throughout the market, there are many cosmetic and cosmeceutical products containing CLG. They are in the form of fillers administered as injections, belonging to the group of the oldest tissue fillers; products administered orally and for topical use, such as creams, gels, serums, or cosmetic masks. Analyzed studies have shown that the use of products with collagen or its peptides improves the general condition of the skin and delays the aging process by reducing the depth of wrinkles, improving hydration (in the case of oral preparations), reducing transepithelial water loss (TEWL), as well as improving skin density and elasticity. In addition, oral application of bioactive CLG peptides has shown a positive effect on the nails, reducing the frequency of their breakage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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12 pages, 733 KiB  
Review
Subjective Cognitive Decline and Genetic Propensity for Dementia beyond Apolipoprotein ε4: A Systematic Review
by Stefanos N. Sampatakakis, Maria Roma and Nikolaos Scarmeas
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(3), 1975-1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46030129 - 2 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1379
Abstract
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been described as a probable early stage of dementia, as it has consistently appeared to precede the onset of objective cognitive impairment. SCD is related to many risk factors, including genetic predisposition for dementia. The Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 [...] Read more.
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been described as a probable early stage of dementia, as it has consistently appeared to precede the onset of objective cognitive impairment. SCD is related to many risk factors, including genetic predisposition for dementia. The Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele, which has been thoroughly studied, seems to explain genetic risk for SCD only partially. Therefore, we aimed to summarize existing data regarding genetic factors related to SCD, beyond APOE ε4, in order to improve our current understanding of SCD. We conducted a PRISMA systematic search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases using the keywords “subjective cognitive decline” and “genetic predisposition” with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the 270 articles identified, 16 were finally included for the qualitative analysis. Family history of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in regard to SCD was explored in eight studies, with conflicting results. Other genes implicated in SCD, beyond APOE ε4, were investigated in six studies, which were not strong enough to provide clear conclusions. Very few data have been published regarding the association of polygenic risk for AD and SCD. Thus, many more genes related to AD must be studied, with polygenic risk scores appearing to be really promising for future investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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11 pages, 1939 KiB  
Review
A Narrative Review of Preclinical In Vitro Studies Investigating microRNAs in Myocarditis
by Olga Grodzka, Grzegorz Procyk and Małgorzata Wrzosek
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(2), 1413-1423; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46020091 - 6 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1174
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization’s statement, myocarditis is an inflammatory myocardium disease. Although an endometrial biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard, it is an invasive procedure, and thus, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has become more widely used and is called a non-invasive [...] Read more.
According to the World Health Organization’s statement, myocarditis is an inflammatory myocardium disease. Although an endometrial biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard, it is an invasive procedure, and thus, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has become more widely used and is called a non-invasive diagnostic gold standard. Myocarditis treatment is challenging, with primarily symptomatic therapies. An increasing number of studies are searching for novel diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that decrease gene expression by inhibiting the translation or promoting the degradation of complementary mRNAs. Their role in different fields of medicine has been recently extensively studied. This review discusses all relevant preclinical in vitro studies regarding microRNAs in myocarditis. We searched the PubMed database, and after excluding unsuitable studies and clinical and preclinical in vivo trials, we included and discussed 22 preclinical in vitro studies in this narrative review. Several microRNAs presented altered levels in myocarditis patients in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, microRNAs influenced inflammation, cell apoptosis, and viral replication. Finally, microRNAs were also found to determine the level of myocardial damage. Further studies may show the vital role of microRNAs as novel therapeutic agents or diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in myocarditis management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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13 pages, 1148 KiB  
Review
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Analogs as a Potential Molecular Biology Reagent
by Tsutomu Arakawa, Takako Niikura, Yoshiko Kita and Teruo Akuta
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(1), 621-633; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46010040 - 9 Jan 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
In this study, we review the properties of three anionic detergents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Sarkosyl, and sodium lauroylglutamate (SLG), as they play a critical role in molecular biology research. SDS is widely used in electrophoresis and cell lysis for proteomics. Sarkosyl and, [...] Read more.
In this study, we review the properties of three anionic detergents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Sarkosyl, and sodium lauroylglutamate (SLG), as they play a critical role in molecular biology research. SDS is widely used in electrophoresis and cell lysis for proteomics. Sarkosyl and, more frequently, SDS are used for the characterization of neuropathological protein fibrils and the solubilization of proteins. Many amyloid fibrils are resistant to SDS or Sarkosyl to different degrees and, thus, can be readily isolated from detergent-sensitive proteins. SLG is milder than the above two detergents and has been used in the solubilization and refolding of proteins isolated from inclusion bodies. Here, we show that both Sarkosyl and SLG have been used for protein refolding, that the effects of SLG on the native protein structure are weaker for SLG, and that SLG readily dissociates from the native proteins. We propose that SLG may be effective in cell lysis for functional proteomics due to no or weaker binding of SLG to the native proteins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)
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