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Horticulturae
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Orchard Management under Climate Change
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Orchard Management under Climate Change

A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Fruit Production Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 September 2024) | Viewed by 14997

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sarita Leonel

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Guest Editor
School of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, SP, Brazil
Interests: fruit crop management; fruit physiology
Dr. Sergio Ruffo Roberto

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Guest Editor
Department of Agronomy, Agricultural Research Center, Londrina State University, Celso Garcia Cid Road, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
Interests: horticulture; fruit crops; post-harvest; fruit ripening
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Simone Rodrigues da Silva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Avenida Pádua Dias, nº 11, P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
Interests: crop management; cultivars evaluation; propagation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Different fruit crops around the world drive the economies of many countries, supplying the domestic market and paving the way for competitive international trade. In addition to the health benefits of regularly consuming various fruits, the cultivation of these species revitalises and energises entire communities, regions or countries. New fruit-growing frontiers have been developed in recent years. At the same time, climate changes have caused the deterioration of traditionally cultivated areas. Using physiological principles to guide precision orchard management will greatly improve yields, and consequently, quality attributes, ensuring that every fruit grown is of a high quality. In this scenario, there is a need for major environmental and technical challenges in orchard management. This Special Issue, entitled "Orchard Management under Climate Change", which aims to disseminate recent research findings in order to continue moving together towards more productive and sustainable fruit farming. Contributions on the following topics are welcome: the increase in productive crop cultivars; advanced soil use and management techniques; mechanization process; training system; cultural practices such as irrigation, fertilization, canopy density, thinning, pesticide application technology, fruit harvesting descriptors and methods; and other innovations that improve the profitability and sustainability of fruit crops.

Prof. Dr. Sarita Leonel
Dr. Sergio Ruffo Roberto
Dr. Simone Rodrigues da Silva
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Horticulturae is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cultural practices
  • environment–physiology–plant interactions
  • soil use and management

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 2178 KiB  
Article
Yield Performance and Quality Assessment of Brazilian Hybrid Grapes Influenced by Rootstocks and Training Systems
by Francisco José Domingues Neto, Marco Antonio Tecchio, Cristine Vanz Borges, João Domingos Rodrigues, Elizabeth Orika Ono, Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima, Mara Fernandes Moura, José Luiz Hernandes, Marcelo de Souza Silva and Magali Leonel
Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090909 - 27 Aug 2024
Viewed by 588
Abstract
The choice of training system impacts the architecture and physiological characteristics of grapevines, affecting grape production and quality. Continuous studies are necessary to optimize viticulture production in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rootstocks and different training systems on the [...] Read more.
The choice of training system impacts the architecture and physiological characteristics of grapevines, affecting grape production and quality. Continuous studies are necessary to optimize viticulture production in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rootstocks and different training systems on the production and quality of ‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’ grapevines for juice and wine. The experiment was conducted over two productive cycles (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) in an experimental vineyard at the Advanced Center for Fruit Research as part of the Agronomic Institute (IAC), in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil (23°06′ S, 46°55′ W, and 745 m altitude). For each cultivar, a randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with two rootstocks (‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and 106-8 ‘Mgt’) and two training systems (low and high trellises), with five blocks of three plants per experimental plot. In both cycles, the gas exchange and grapevine production, the chemical characteristics of the grape juice (must), and the chemical compounds in the berry skins were evaluated. The rootstocks and training systems influenced the variables evaluated in both cultivars, with the high trellis system providing the best results. This approach increased the photosynthetic rate, improved water-use efficiency, elevated grapevine production, and enhanced fruit quality. Therefore, its use is recommended for training grapevines. Regarding rootstocks, the best scion–rootstock affinity was found between hybrid grapevines and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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17 pages, 1911 KiB  
Article
Structure and Trends in Climate Parameters of Wine-Growing Regions in Slovenia
by Stanko Vršič, Borut Pulko and Andrej Perko
Horticulturae 2024, 10(8), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080854 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 534
Abstract
This study examined the structure and trends of climate parameters important for grape production from 1952 to 2022 in the wine-growing regions of Podravje, Posavje, and Primorska in Slovenia. Average and extreme temperature and precipitation data from six meteorological stations in three wine-growing [...] Read more.
This study examined the structure and trends of climate parameters important for grape production from 1952 to 2022 in the wine-growing regions of Podravje, Posavje, and Primorska in Slovenia. Average and extreme temperature and precipitation data from six meteorological stations in three wine-growing regions were divided into annual and growing seasons. The results show that in the period 1991–2022, there was a warming in the growing season in all regions by 1.4–1.7 °C, except the southern part of Primorska (Koper station) 0.6 °C, compared to the reference period 1961–1990. The heat accumulation indices (GDDs and HI) increased significantly, which is mainly due to the increase in the maximum temperature in the growing season temperature (GST max) and the number of days with Tmax > 30 °C (NDT30). The NDT30 increased the most, by a factor of more than four. In the reference period (1961–1990), however, the trend in the number of hot days was even slightly negative. The mean seasonal temperature rose to around 17 °C in regions with a continental climate and to around 19 °C in the Mediterranean region, which could be reflected in the earlier ripening of the grapes. The trends show a decrease in total annual precipitation (AP) after 1991, but this was significant only at one inland location (Maribor), while the total precipitation during the growing season (GSP) decreased significantly at three locations (Maribor, Bilje, and Koper). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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22 pages, 6267 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Evolution of the Climatic Factors and Its Influence on Grape Quality in Northeastern Romania
by Roxana Mihaela Filimon, Claudiu Ioan Bunea, Răzvan Vasile Filimon, Florin Dumitru Bora and Doina Damian
Horticulturae 2024, 10(7), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070705 - 3 Jul 2024
Viewed by 671
Abstract
Climate change is currently the greatest threat to the environment as we know it today. The present study aimed to highlight the changes in the main climatic elements during the last five decades (1971–2020) in northeastern Romania (Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center) and their impact [...] Read more.
Climate change is currently the greatest threat to the environment as we know it today. The present study aimed to highlight the changes in the main climatic elements during the last five decades (1971–2020) in northeastern Romania (Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center) and their impact on grape quality, as part of precision viticulture strategies and efficient management of grapevine plantations. Data analysis revealed a constant and significant increase in the average air temperature in the last 50 years (+1.70 °C), more pronounced in the last 10 years (+0.61 °C), with a number of days with extreme temperatures (>30 °C) of over 3.5-fold higher, in parallel with a fluctuating precipitation regime. The increase in average temperatures in the last 40 years was highly correlated with the advancement of the grape harvest date (up to 12 days), a significant increase in Vitis vinifera L. white grape sugar concentration (+15–25 g/L), and a drastic decrease in total acidity (−2.0–3.5 g/L tartaric acid). The significant increase in the values of the bioclimatic indices require the reclassification of the wine-growing area in higher classes of favorability, raising the opportunity to grow cultivars that are more suited to warmer climates, ensuring the efficiency of the plantation, and meeting current consumer expectations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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17 pages, 3483 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Climatic Warming on Earlier Wine-Grape Ripening in Northeastern Slovenia
by Stanko Vršič, Borut Pulko, Tadeja Vodovnik-Plevnik and Andrej Perko
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060611 - 8 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 923
Abstract
In this study, the development trends of bioclimatic parameters recorded at the Maribor and Murska Sobota climate stations from 1952 to 2022 and the dynamics of grape ripening in early-, medium-, and late-ripening grape varieties in the Podravje wine-growing region in Slovenia (north-eastern [...] Read more.
In this study, the development trends of bioclimatic parameters recorded at the Maribor and Murska Sobota climate stations from 1952 to 2022 and the dynamics of grape ripening in early-, medium-, and late-ripening grape varieties in the Podravje wine-growing region in Slovenia (north-eastern Slovenia) from 1980 to 2022 were investigated. Based on the data on soluble solids content, total acidity, and the recommended harvest date per year (until the technological ripeness of the grapes; 76°Oe), trends for shortening the growing period of the vines were calculated. Temperature changes have been more pronounced since 1980. The number of so-called hot days (with a maximum of T > 30 °C) has increased the most, which has the greatest impact on other bioclimatic parameters, e.g., the average temperature and growing degree days (GDDs) and the Huglin index (HI). For the period of 1980 to 2022, the trends were 0.44 °C (Murska Sobota) and 0.51 °C (Maribor) per decade, respectively. The trends were more pronounced for the average temperature in the period of May–June (TMJ). After 1980, the HI increased by about 10 units per year. As a result of the climate warming, grapes in north-eastern Slovenia ripened 26 (‘Sauvignon Blanc’) to 35 (‘Welschriesling’) days earlier. The trends showed a decrease in total acidity, which can be attributed to the higher temperatures during the growing season period, especially during the ripening period of the grapes (véraison). After 2010, the average temperatures during the growing season (1 April to 31 October) in Podravje were 1.6 °C higher than in the 1980s. In line with the earlier ripening of the grapes, the actual average temperature from 1 April to the harvest date was a further 1.0 °C higher. The higher temperatures in the late-ripening varieties ‘Riesling’ and ‘Furmint’ had a positive effect on the lower total acidity. Total annual precipitation and precipitation in the growing season for the period 1980 to 2022 in the Maribor area show decreasing trends of 6 mm/m2 (p = 0.001) and 4 mm/m2 (p = 0.012), respectively. In the eastern sub-wine-growing region of Podravje (Murska Sobota), the trends in precipitation were not significant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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12 pages, 690 KiB  
Article
Hop Tropicalization: Chemical Compositions of Varieties Grown under Organic and Conventional Systems in Subtropical Conditions
by Gabriel Cássia Fortuna, Caio Scardini Neves, Olivia Pak Campos, Jordany Aparecida Oliveira Gomes, Júlio César Rodrigues Lopes Silva, Amauri Alves Souza, Cristiano Soleo de Funari, Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques and Filipe Pereira Giardini Bonfim
Horticulturae 2023, 9(8), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080855 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1170
Abstract
The interest in the production of hops in Brazil, motivated by the third position in the world ranking of beer producers and the growth of the craft brewery business, justifies the intensification of studies into its adaptation to local growing conditions. Due to [...] Read more.
The interest in the production of hops in Brazil, motivated by the third position in the world ranking of beer producers and the growth of the craft brewery business, justifies the intensification of studies into its adaptation to local growing conditions. Due to the high internal demand, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles of hop varieties grown in subtropical conditions under different cropping systems. Studies that promote the expansion of cultivation areas in distinct climate conditions and ensure quality are very important. A randomized block design was adopted with a 2 × 5 subdivided plot. The main factor was the cropping system (organic and conventional), and the secondary factor was the hop variety (Columbus, Chinook, Nugget, Cascade and Hallertau Mittelfrüeh), with four blocks and four plants per plot. The quality parameters monitored in this work were the contents of alpha and beta acids, and xanthohumol in the inflorescences of hops, as well as the relative composition of their essential oils. The variations in the chemical profiles of essential oils showed differences between some varieties, and the different compositions and levels resulting from the two cropping systems show that management and cultural practices can influence the aromatic characteristics of hops; in total, 23 compounds were found. The terpene fraction represented 79.67% of the oil in Hallertau and 93.63% in Cascade, with myrcene being the main compound. The levels of bitter acids and xanthohumol did not differ statistically as a function of the treatments. This study contributes the first records of the chemical profiles of hops grown in subtropical conditions in Brazil, in general, the Nugget variety had the highest qualitative potential Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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13 pages, 986 KiB  
Article
Photosynthesis, Biochemical and Yield Performance of Grapevine Hybrids in Two Rootstock and Trellis Height
by Francisco José Domingues Neto, Adilson Pimentel Junior, Lenon Romano Modesto, Mara Fernandes Moura, Fernando Ferrari Putti, Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro, Elizabeth Orika Ono, João Domingos Rodrigues and Marco Antonio Tecchio
Horticulturae 2023, 9(5), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050596 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1807
Abstract
The interaction between variety, rootstock, and trellis height is important for grapevine management, mainly for producing new varieties of grapes for juice and wine in new wine-growing regions with high production potential. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the rootstocks and trellis height [...] Read more.
The interaction between variety, rootstock, and trellis height is important for grapevine management, mainly for producing new varieties of grapes for juice and wine in new wine-growing regions with high production potential. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the rootstocks and trellis height influence on photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance for grapevine hybrids. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design using two factors, rootstocks (‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’) and trellis height (until 1.6 and 2.0 m), evaluated for two grapevine hybrids (IAC 138-22 ‘Maximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’). During grapevine flowering, it was evaluated photosynthesis and biochemical performance, for this, the gaseous exchanges were measured using the open system photosynthesis equipment with a CO2 analyzer and water vapor by infrared radiation, being net assimilation rate of CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency (Rubisco), and the flux density of photosynthetically active photons. At the stages of grapevine flowering and ripening berries were evaluated the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)), total soluble proteins, chlorophylls, and SPAD. The interaction between rootstock and trellis heigh influenced varieties’ photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance. In conclusion under subtropical conditions, better photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance were observed when both cultivars were grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock. The ‘IAC 138-22 Maximo’ was trained until 2.0 and grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock, increasing grape production and photosynthesis efficiency. In addition, this variety was more productive than ‘BRS Violeta’. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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18 pages, 2206 KiB  
Article
Profile of Bioactive Compounds in Orange Juice Related to the Combination of Different Scion/Rootstocks, Packaging and Storage
by Rafaelly Calsavara Martins, Sarita Leonel, Jackson Mirellys Azevedo Souza, Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima, Magali Leonel, Fernando Ferrari Putti, Gean Charles Monteiro, Patrícia Graosque Ülguim Züge, Gabriel Maluf Napoleão, Ricardo Figueira and Jaime Duarte Filho
Horticulturae 2023, 9(3), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030347 - 6 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
Citrus scion/rootstock combinations alter the concentration of bioactive compounds in orange juice. The shelf life of freshly squeezed juice can be maximized through packaging and storage. The profiles of ascorbic (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), and phenolic compounds were analyzed in juices of four [...] Read more.
Citrus scion/rootstock combinations alter the concentration of bioactive compounds in orange juice. The shelf life of freshly squeezed juice can be maximized through packaging and storage. The profiles of ascorbic (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), and phenolic compounds were analyzed in juices of four sweet orange scions, Sanguínea de Mombuca (SM), Rubi (R), Lue Gin Gong (LGG), and Valência Delta Seedless (VDS), grafted onto ‘Rangpur’ lime (RL) and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (SC) rootstocks. The juices obtained from the combination of the ‘Rubi’ orange in both rootstocks stood out by their higher concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). Overall, all SC-grafted scions showed higher AA and DHAA and some phenolic compound concentrations. In all combinations, phenolic compounds showed the highest concentrations in the juices at the time of fruit extraction and decreased during storage. Dark packaging provided higher bioactive compounds in juices stored for longer periods. These findings can contribute to the diversification of scion/rootstock cultivars in order to increase the variety of orchards by choosing the best combinations for pasteurized orange juice with higher nutritional value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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Review

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21 pages, 705 KiB  
Review
Achievements of Banana (Musa sp.)-Based Intercropping Systems in Improving Crop Sustainability
by Sarita Leonel, Magali Leonel, Paulo Ricardo Rodrigues de Jesus, Marco Antonio Tecchio, Marcelo de Souza Silva, Hebert Teixeira Cândido, Nicholas Zanette Molha and Lucas Felipe dos Ouros
Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090956 - 6 Sep 2024
Viewed by 856
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural practices need to be continuously sought after so that a greater number of producers can adopt them, taking into account, above all, the food security scenario, land use efficiency, and climate change. Intercropping—a cultivation system in which two or more species [...] Read more.
Sustainable agricultural practices need to be continuously sought after so that a greater number of producers can adopt them, taking into account, above all, the food security scenario, land use efficiency, and climate change. Intercropping—a cultivation system in which two or more species are grown in close proximity in the same field—is one strategy to increase diversity in the agroecosystem. However, for intercropping systems to be adopted, their productive and economic advantages over monoculture must be clearly demonstrated. Banana (Musa sp.) growers are interested in crop diversification as a potential strategy to increase production yields and, consequently, economic income. The management of banana crops can be facilitated by intercropping, as this system plays an important role in increasing biodiversity and reducing the need for weed control in the crop rows, promoting better land use efficiency. However, this system should be evaluated alongside other indicators. Banana intercropping has significant potential and many benefits, but success depends on the interaction between the component species, appropriate management practices, and favorable environmental conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of recent studies on banana intercropping systems, focusing on the contextualization of land use, monoculture and intercropping, and evaluating intercropping indicators, as well as the benefits, risks, and disadvantages discussed in the literature, and the main outcomes of banana-based intercropping systems. The main findings relate to the possibility of using intercrops with aromatic species and the preliminary reports on the contributions of intercrops to the suppression of Fusarium wilt disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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23 pages, 1554 KiB  
Review
Understanding the Invasion, Ecological Adaptations, and Management Strategies of Bactrocera dorsalis in China: A Review
by Saleem Jaffar, Syed Arif Hussain Rizvi and Yongyue Lu
Horticulturae 2023, 9(9), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091004 - 5 Sep 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4630
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the oriental fruit fly, is a highly destructive pest that globally infests fruits and vegetables, resulting in significant annual economic losses. Initially detected in Taiwan Island, it has rapidly expanded its distribution range to [...] Read more.
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the oriental fruit fly, is a highly destructive pest that globally infests fruits and vegetables, resulting in significant annual economic losses. Initially detected in Taiwan Island, it has rapidly expanded its distribution range to various regions in mainland China since the 1980s, with a continuous northward spread. To mitigate the damage caused by this pest, extensive efforts have been undertaken to comprehend its ecological and physiological adaptations and develop management strategies. This review article provides an overview of the invasion history of B. dorsalis in China, its ecological and physiological mechanisms facilitating its invasion, and the progress made in understanding its major biological characteristics. Moreover, the key approaches for managing B. dorsalis that have been or are likely to be implemented in China are presented, including quarantine measures, monitoring procedures, physical controls, biological controls, the sterile insect technique, RNA interference, and CRISPR-Cas-9. Finally, some suggestions for future research directions are provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management under Climate Change)
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