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22 pages, 11487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Prediction of Carbon Storage: An Integrated Framework Based on the MOP–PLUS–InVEST Model and an Applied Case Study in Hangzhou, East China

by Yonghua Li, Song Yao, Hezhou Jiang, Huarong Wang, Qinchuan Ran, Xinyun Gao, Xinyi Ding and Dandong Ge

Land 2022, 11(12), 2213; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122213 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2990

Abstract

Land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) is an important factor affecting carbon storage. It is of great practical significance to quantify the relationship between LUCC and carbon storage for regional ecological protection and sustainable socio-economic development. In this study, we proposed an integrated framework based on [...] Read more.

Land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) is an important factor affecting carbon storage. It is of great practical significance to quantify the relationship between LUCC and carbon storage for regional ecological protection and sustainable socio-economic development. In this study, we proposed an integrated framework based on multiobjective programming (MOP), the patch-level land-use simulation (PLUS) model, and the integrated valuation of ecosystem service and trade-offs (InVEST) model. First, we used the InVEST model to explore the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of carbon storage in Hangzhou from 2000 to 2020 using land-cover data. Second, we constructed four scenarios of natural development (ND), economic development (ED), ecological protection (EP), and balanced development (BD) using the Markov chain model and MOP, and then simulated the spatial distribution of land cover in 2030 with the PLUS model. Third, the InVEST model was used to predict carbon storage in 2030. Finally, we conducted a spatial correlation of Hangzhou’s carbon storage and delineated carbon storage zoning in Hangzhou. The results showed that: (1) The artificial surfaces grew significantly, while the cultivated land decreased significantly from 2000 to 2020. The overall trend was a decrease in carbon storage, and the changing areas of carbon storage were characterized by local aggregation and sporadic distribution. (2) The areas of artificial surfaces, water bodies, and shrubland will continue to increase up to 2030, while the areas of cultivated land and grassland will continue to decrease. The BD scenario can effectively achieve the multiple objectives of ecological protection and economic development. (3) The carbon storage will continue to decline up to 2030, and the EP scenario will have the highest carbon storage, which will effectively mitigate the carbon storage loss. (4) The spatial distribution of carbon storage in Hangzhou was inextricably linked to the land cover, which was characterized by a high–high concentration and a low–low concentration. The results of the study can provide decision support for the sustainable development of Hangzhou and other cities in the Yangtze River Delta region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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16 pages, 4135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Proximity in Transformational Development: The Case of Resource-Based Cities in China

by Shuo Lu, Wenzhong Zhang, Jiaming Li and Renfeng Ma

Land 2022, 11(12), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122123 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2067

Abstract

Proactive integration into the national city network and the improvement of the level of openness to the outside world is important for the new period to promote the high-quality transformational development of resource-based cities. Based on the gravity model and social network analysis [...] Read more.

Proactive integration into the national city network and the improvement of the level of openness to the outside world is important for the new period to promote the high-quality transformational development of resource-based cities. Based on the gravity model and social network analysis methods, the role of geographical proximity and network proximity (non-spatial proximity) in the high-quality transformation of resource-based cities is systematically analyzed. The impact of geographic proximity, network proximity, and their interactions on the transformation of resource-based cities was also empirically tested by constructing an econometric model. It is found that: (1) The cities with the highest gravitational values and gravitational values among the neighbouring cities of resource-based cities did not change significantly from 2001 to 2019, and cities with better transformation are mostly dominated by RBC-non–RBC combinations, with the gravitational values of neighbouring cities at the middle level. (2) The hierarchy of resource-based cities in both the national organizational network and investment network increased significantly during 2001–2019, but the difference is that the organizational network is centered on Beijing. (3) While there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between geographical proximity and transformation in resource-based cities, there is a linear positive relationship between network investment proximity and transformation. However, there is a substitution and complementary effect between the two, and they work together to promote the high-quality transformation of resource-based cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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17 pages, 11265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superpixel-Based Long-Range Dependent Network for High-Resolution Remote-Sensing Image Classification

by Liangzhi Li, Ling Han, Qing Miao, Yang Zhang and Ying Jing

Land 2022, 11(11), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112028 - 12 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1729

Abstract

Data-driven deep neural networks have demonstrated their superiority in high-resolution remote-sensing image (HRSI) classification based on superpixel-based objects. Currently, most HRSI classification methods that combine deep learning and superpixel object segmentation use multiple scales of stacking to satisfy the contextual semantic-information extraction of [...] Read more.

Data-driven deep neural networks have demonstrated their superiority in high-resolution remote-sensing image (HRSI) classification based on superpixel-based objects. Currently, most HRSI classification methods that combine deep learning and superpixel object segmentation use multiple scales of stacking to satisfy the contextual semantic-information extraction of one analyzed object. However, this approach does not consider the long-distance dependencies between objects, which not only weakens the representation of feature information but also increases computational redundancy. To solve this problem, a superpixel-based long-range dependent network is proposed for HRSI classification. First, a superpixel segmentation algorithm is used to segment HRSI into homogeneous analysis objects as input. Secondly, a multi-channel deep convolutional neural network is proposed for the feature mapping of the analysis objects. Finally, we design a long-range dependent framework based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) network for obtaining contextual relationships and outputting classes of analysis objects. Additionally, we define the semantic range and investigate how it affects classification accuracy. A test is conducted by using two HRSI with overall accuracy (0.79, 0.76) and kappa coefficients (

κ

) (0.92, 0.89). Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons are adopted to test the proposed method’s efficacy. Findings concluded that the proposed method is competitive and consistently superior to the benchmark comparison method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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21 pages, 6312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Function Evaluation and Coordination Analysis of Production–Living–Ecological Space Based on the Perspective of Type–Intensity–Connection: A Case Study of Suzhou, China

by Yanzhen Hou, Zhenlong Zhang, Yuerong Wang, Honghu Sun and Chang Xu

Land 2022, 11(11), 1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111954 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1837

Abstract

The function evaluation and coordination analysis of production–living–ecological space is of great significance for guiding the high-quality development of territorial space. Considering the complexity of territorial space, this study constructed the evaluation index system of production–living–ecological spatial functions based on the perspective of [...] Read more.

The function evaluation and coordination analysis of production–living–ecological space is of great significance for guiding the high-quality development of territorial space. Considering the complexity of territorial space, this study constructed the evaluation index system of production–living–ecological spatial functions based on the perspective of “type–intensity–connection” and used multisource data to conduct empirical analysis in Suzhou, China, as an example. The results show that there were significant regional and urban-rural differences in the production–living–ecological comprehensive functional level of Suzhou, and it presents a composite spatial structure characterized by core-agglomeration, multipoint-dispersion, and centre-periphery. Among them, the functions of production and living spaces were concentrated with high values and have similar spatial structure, while the function of ecological space has low values and is distributed in contiguous areas around the production and living spaces. Overall, the coordination relationships of living–production space, ecological–living space and ecological–production space show significant positive, negative and negative correlations, respectively. However, in local space, the coordination relationship was composed of two types of leading relationships. This mainly reflects the great coordination between production space and living space, while the coordination between ecological space and other space is poor and needs to be improved. Therefore, it’s necessary to continuously improve the adequacy and balance of the functional quality of production–living–ecological space and increase organic connectivity and benign integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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23 pages, 10545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Scenario Land Expansion Simulation Method from Ecosystem Services Perspective of Coastal Urban Agglomeration: A Case Study of GHM-GBA, China

by Jiayu Wang and Tian Chen

Land 2022, 11(11), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111934 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1992

Abstract

Balancing urban development and ecosystem conservation in the context of natural resource scarcity can provide scientific guidance for land use planning. We integrated research methods, such as ecosystem services (ES) assessment, coastal vulnerability assessment, multi-objective linear planning, and land use change simulation, to [...] Read more.

Balancing urban development and ecosystem conservation in the context of natural resource scarcity can provide scientific guidance for land use planning. We integrated research methods, such as ecosystem services (ES) assessment, coastal vulnerability assessment, multi-objective linear planning, and land use change simulation, to develop a new model framework for multi-scenario urban land expansion simulation based on ecosystem services. In relation to the land use scale and constraints, we simulated three types of scenarios in 2035, including a status quo continuity scenario (SCS), economic development scenario (EDS), and ecological protection scenario (EPS), to explore the ideal land use optimization strategies to enhance ES and land use efficiency. The results indicated that the scale of construction land under the three scenarios grew, and arable land and grassland had the largest losses. The continued urban expansion in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area has already had a significant negative impact on ecosystem services and could result in a total ESV loss of USD 28.1 billion by 2035 if an economic-first development model is adopted. Based on the hotspots of urban construction land expansion in the ecological–economic priority game, we proposed a classification and optimization strategy for land use, including proactive restoration of damaged ecological spaces with high ESVs (Zhaoqing City and Huizhou City), optimization of green space quality and formation of ecological corridors (Guangzhou City, Shenzhen City, Hong Kong, and Macao), and implementation of natural resource conservation planning and spatial regulation in the urban–rural integration area (Foshan City and Dongguan City). This research framework scientifically allocates the “quality” of ecosystem values and “quantity” of natural resources and provides a reference for regional “bottom-up” territorial spatial planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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19 pages, 4019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Dynamic Urban Growth Boundary Combining Urban Vitality and Ecological Networks: A Case Study in Chengdu Metropolitan Area

by Xiaojiang Xia, Yue Zhang, Xiaona Shi, Jian Chen and Tiechuan Rao

Land 2022, 11(10), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101793 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

The Chengdu Metropolitan Area, located on the eastern edge of the world’s highest plateau, has experienced a period of integrating urban and rural area development for decades. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the vulnerability and security of the ecological environment have become [...] Read more.

The Chengdu Metropolitan Area, located on the eastern edge of the world’s highest plateau, has experienced a period of integrating urban and rural area development for decades. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the vulnerability and security of the ecological environment have become critical aspects to consider in sustainability. Moreover, the presence of different levels of vitality in the study area has a crucial impact on land-use change. Hence, we propose a growth boundary study based on the theory of urban vitality and ecological networks. We focus on identifying the inefficient urban land and urban development potential land, explore their expansion probabilities to conduct spatial simulations for the next 15 years, and combine the ecological network to form a reasonable spatial pattern. Results showed that the proposed model could simulate the urban growth state more accurately within a certain space scale and integrate different limits and influences to simulate different growth strategies under multiple planning periods. Thus, the proposed model can be an effective decision support tool for the government. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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16 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Regional Differences in Risk Attitude on the Power Law at the Urban Scale

by Mengdi Xia, Zhangwei Lu, Lihua Xu, Yijun Shi, Qiwei Ma, Yaqi Wu and Boyuan Sheng

Land 2022, 11(10), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101791 - 14 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1348

Abstract

Internal mechanisms and laws exist in the evolution of cities, and the power law is widely applied in multiple areas in the real world. It is crucial to optimize the urban-scale systems through explanation studies of the urban-scale distribution pattern from the perspective [...] Read more.

Internal mechanisms and laws exist in the evolution of cities, and the power law is widely applied in multiple areas in the real world. It is crucial to optimize the urban-scale systems through explanation studies of the urban-scale distribution pattern from the perspective of regional differences in risk attitudes. Based on computer simulation technologies, this study explores the influence of regional differences in risk attitudes of micro decision-makers on the power law through setting scenarios of same attitudes with quantitative differences and mixed multi-attitudes. In this case, we selected six provinces in China to verify the scale characteristic of the real world. The results show that the settlement scale is heavily influenced by risk attitudes with a larger slope, which are more pronounced in the mixed multi-attitudes scenario. The increase in the mixed-scale benefits less affects the utility of risk attitudes, where the slope value of the aversion attitudes has smaller variation. The averse model has a larger primary ratio than the others. However, the primary ratio does not reveal a significant bias towards large and small in the mixed multi-attitude scenario. In the six provinces, the advantageous areas with higher economic and cultural levels show larger-scale agglomeration characteristics similar to the impact of seeking attitudes. The primacy ratio increases with the variation degree in urban scales, especially in economically disadvantaged areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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22 pages, 4375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Location and Built Environment of Cultural and Creative Industry in Hangzhou, China: A Spatial Entropy Weight Overlay Method Based on Multi-Source Data

by Dandan Wu, Yang Wu, Xinxin Ni, Yuandan Sun and Renfeng Ma

Land 2022, 11(10), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101695 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3127

Abstract

Quantitative identification of the location of cultural and creative industries has always been an important issue in the study of micro-locations in human geography. However, most of the previous studies on the location of cultural and creative industries focused on the macro description [...] Read more.

Quantitative identification of the location of cultural and creative industries has always been an important issue in the study of micro-locations in human geography. However, most of the previous studies on the location of cultural and creative industries focused on the macro description of the existing cultural and creative industry and lacked quantitative identification of micro-locations suitable for cultivating and developing cultural and creative industries. Therefore, based on the relevant location theory of cultural and creative industries, the urban creative field strength and its quantitative model are proposed. From the perspective of the built environment, 500 m × 500 m grids were established as analysis units based on multi-source data, including society, economy and geography data, using the geographic information system (GIS) analysis technology and spatial entropy weight overlay method to describe and visualize the micro-locations of urban cultural and creative industries. Based on the empirical study in Hangzhou, the following can be concluded: (1) the study method of “single index measurement–entropy method weighting–space weighted summation–hot spot analysis” constructed can quantitatively identify the micro-location of urban cultural and creative industries. It proves that the research framework proposed is scientifically valid. (2) The overall field strength of the creative field in Hangzhou has a circular structure with multiple centers, gradually decreasing outward from the main urban area of Hangzhou, with the sub-centers of the creative field scattered around the core urban area. The most suitable location for the cultivation and development of cultural and creative industries in Hangzhou is located in Wensan District as the core area, which includes Wensan Road, Xueyuan Road, Wulin Square, Hangzhou Future City-Xixi Wetland, etc. (3) The location around the provincial/city/district government land is the core area of creative field strength, which is more suitable for the development of cultural and creative industries. The farther from the core area, the smaller the creative field strength is, and the more obvious the attenuation of distance is. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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24 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal and Spatial Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Urban Ecological Welfare Performance from the Perspective of High-Quality Development: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China

by Shasha He, Bin Fang and Xue Xie

Land 2022, 11(9), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091607 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2547

Abstract

Based on the concept of high-quality development, this paper constructs an urban ecological welfare evaluation framework, measures the urban ecological welfare performance in Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2019 using a stochastic frontier production function model, and conducts a spatial and temporal divergence [...] Read more.

Based on the concept of high-quality development, this paper constructs an urban ecological welfare evaluation framework, measures the urban ecological welfare performance in Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2019 using a stochastic frontier production function model, and conducts a spatial and temporal divergence feature analysis, combining a spatial panel econometric model and a threshold panel regression model to explore the spatial effects and mechanisms of urban ecological welfare performance. The results show that: (1) The urban ecological welfare performance in Jiangsu province has been increasing every year, and the spatial divergence between north and south is significant, with the overall trend of southern Jiangsu > central Jiangsu > northern Jiangsu. (2) The differences in urban ecological welfare performance among the three regions are gradually decreasing, with the high values expanding and the low values decreasing, and the urban ecological welfare performance in northern Jiangsu Province is gradually approaching that in southern Jiangsu Province, and the urban ecological welfare performance level tends to be balanced. (3) There are significant negative spillover effects of industrial structure, city scale, and economic development level on urban ecological welfare performance, as well as significant threshold effects of innovation level, industrial structure, foreign trade dependence, and economic development, and significant differences in the degree of influence of urbanization on urban ecological welfare performance under different threshold variables. (4) The urbanization and economic development levels are the fundamental factors driving urban ecological welfare performance improvement. Industrial structure optimization, city scale, technological innovation, and foreign trade dependence positively contribute to urban welfare performance, and government financial pressure constrains the performance level improvement. In the future, a long-term mechanism for high-quality green development should be constructed, spatial spillover channels should be continuously improved, welfare thresholds should be effectively circumvented, and urban ecological welfare performance should be promoted in a concerted manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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14 pages, 1962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Cover and Their Driving Forces in the Yellow River Basin since 1990

by Shirui Zhao, Zemeng Fan and Xing Gao

Land 2022, 11(9), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091563 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1754

Abstract

The national strategy for ecological protection and high-quality development is raising the ecological security protection to an unprecedented level in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) of China. Due to the explicitly analyzed land cover changes under climate change and rapid urbanization in the [...] Read more.

The national strategy for ecological protection and high-quality development is raising the ecological security protection to an unprecedented level in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) of China. Due to the explicitly analyzed land cover changes under climate change and rapid urbanization in the YRB area since 1990, land cover dynamic degree index, transfer matrix, and geo-detector method were used to explicate land cover changes and their key driving factors, based on the spatial data of land cover from 1990 to 2020. The results show that grasslands, croplands, and forests are the main land cover types, accounting for 48.37%, 25.05%, and 13.50%, respectively, of the total area in the YRB area. Grassland, cropland, and cropland are the major land cover type, accounting for 61.49%, 37.13%, and 66.33%, respectively, in the upstream, midstream, and downstream of the YRB area. Built-up land has showed a continual increasing trend, and its dynamic degree was up to 3.38% between 2010 and 2020. Population density was a key factor for land cover change, with an average contribution rate of 0.264; then, elevation and temperature also expressed an important role to drive the land cover change in the YRB area during the period from 1990 to 2020. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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15 pages, 3169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agricultural Population Supported in Rural Areas under Traditional Planting Mode Based on Opportunity Cost Analysis

by Qingsheng Bi, Weiqiang Chen, Ling Li, Xiuli Wang and Enxiang Cai

Land 2022, 11(8), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081340 - 18 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

The return of rural migrant workers through increasing agricultural income by expanding farming scale is significant for rural sustainable development without rural population loss. This paper selected six representative counties in Henan Province, China’s major grain-producing province, to conduct a questionnaire survey, investigated [...] Read more.

The return of rural migrant workers through increasing agricultural income by expanding farming scale is significant for rural sustainable development without rural population loss. This paper selected six representative counties in Henan Province, China’s major grain-producing province, to conduct a questionnaire survey, investigated the incomes of farmers from farming and migrant workers, calculated moderate farming scale under different opportunity costs, and also estimated the agricultural population that can be supported by arable land resources. Results are as follows: (1) Under the traditional planting mode, annual per capita income of farmers in farming was USD 342.18, which was substantially lower than USD 5255.63 in migrant workers. This huge income gap has led to continuous rural population loss. (2) Under the opportunity cost of farming income equal to migrant workers income, moderate farming scales of the six selected counties were 1.39, 1.17, 1.22, 1.08, 1.34, and 1.01 ha, respectively. Under the 0.8x and 0.6x opportunity cost, corresponding moderate farming scales were 1.11, 0.94, 1.11, 0.86, 1.07, and 1.34 ha; and 0.84, 0.70, 0.73, 0.65, 0.80 and 1.01 ha, respectively. (3) On the basis of the three moderate farming scales and status quo of arable land resources, agricultural populations that can be supported by rural Henan Province were 8.0386 million, 10.0479 million and 13.3942 million, respectively. Findings can guide the formulation of rural revitalization strategic measures and the preparation of village territorial spatial planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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13 pages, 3773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Model of Permanent Basic Farmland Indicators Distribution from the Perspective of Equity: A Case from W County, China

by Qun Zhang and Cifang Wu

Land 2022, 11(8), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081290 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1432

Abstract

Based on its national conditions and food availability, China has embarked on the road to establishing food security in a way by implementing the concepts of innovative, coordinated, green, open and inclusive development, and the requirements of high-quality development and a national food [...] Read more.

Based on its national conditions and food availability, China has embarked on the road to establishing food security in a way by implementing the concepts of innovative, coordinated, green, open and inclusive development, and the requirements of high-quality development and a national food security strategy for a new era. As a result, the permanent basic farmland protection zone designated for high-quality arable land reserves had become a fundamental national policy. However, the allocation of permanent basic farmland protection quantity indicator is always a challenge due to the conflicts between the development and protection process. The unequal protection indicator allocation is often cited as an inefficient source of permanent basic farmland production and protection. In this article, an optimization model is introduced to allocate preservation indicators by using the Gini coefficient, a widely used index of income inequality in economics. The optimization model is based on a hierarchical structure of the multi-criteria factors and the objective weighting method. The allocation of a permanent basic farmland protection indicator in W county, China, is chosen as a case study to illustrate the application of this model with a focus on a balance between equality and efficiency. The result shows that the method can provide profound insight for land management policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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20 pages, 2895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Development Model for Rural Settlements against Rural Shrinkage: An Empirical Study on Pingyin County, China

by Shangkun Yu, Yi Miao, Mengcheng Li, Xiaoming Ding, Chengxin Wang and Wangsheng Dou

Land 2022, 11(8), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081238 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2113

Abstract

China’s rural areas face population loss and expanded residential land in the context of rapid urbanization. The increasing hollowing of villages leads to extensive land use, making it necessary to optimize and consolidate rural settlements immediately. Therefore, how to choose an appropriate development [...] Read more.

China’s rural areas face population loss and expanded residential land in the context of rapid urbanization. The increasing hollowing of villages leads to extensive land use, making it necessary to optimize and consolidate rural settlements immediately. Therefore, how to choose an appropriate development model for rural settlements is at issue. This article builds a theoretical development model for rural settlements based on their primary development conditions and spatial patterns. It determines the development model according to the classification matrix formed by interweaving different elements in each dimension. Finally, it demonstrates the model through a case study on Pingyin County, China. The empirical findings for Pingyin County are as follows. (1) The scale of rural settlements increased from 2010 to 2020, and the agglomeration and spatial correlation intensified, but they tended to be irregular. (2) The various elements of the development foundation showed apparent spatial differentiation, and the spatial distribution of rural settlements at different levels presented a core–edge structure. (3) The development of rural settlements was reduced to six models: in-situ urbanization, satellite urbanization, competitive-industry-driven, characteristic-tourism-driven, modern-agriculture-driven, and village relocation. Finally, the article proposes different development paths for different development models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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20 pages, 11113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Urban Spatial Growth Performance from the Perspective of a Polycentric City: A Case Study of Hangzhou

by Liang Zhang, Linlin Zhang and Xue Liu

Land 2022, 11(8), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081173 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2473

Abstract

Although polycentrism is widely promoted by city planners and policymakers as a potential solution for alleviating the sprawl of central urban areas, there is no sufficient empirical evidence to verify the validity of this claim. Our study aims to complement this experience by [...] Read more.

Although polycentrism is widely promoted by city planners and policymakers as a potential solution for alleviating the sprawl of central urban areas, there is no sufficient empirical evidence to verify the validity of this claim. Our study aims to complement this experience by providing solid evidence on whether polycentric urban structures can mitigate the problem of urban sprawl. In this study, the corresponding evaluation factors are selected from four perspectives: socioeconomic, spatial form and organization, and ecological environment, to measure the performance of Hangzhou’s polycentric spatial development. The results show that the performance in Hangzhou has improved significantly, and the performance improvement is more prominent over the 2010–2020 period. Third, the changing characteristics of the spatial development performance of the city centers show a significant diversity. During the study period, the development of Jiangnan city started early, but the development performance of Xiasha city improved significantly, and the development of Linping city was relatively the weakest. Fourth, socioeconomic and urban spatial organization are the main factors causing the temporal stage and spatial variability of the performance in Hangzhou. It can be seen that market-driven endogenous factors are more conducive to improving spatial development performance than government-led exogenous factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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17 pages, 2430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green and Low-Carbon Commuting Evaluation and Optimization of a Cross-Border Metropolitan Region by the Subway Network: The Case of Shenzhen and Hong Kong, China

by Dening Chen, Zuxin He, Xinyi Hong, Xinxin Ni and Renfeng Ma

Land 2022, 11(8), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081127 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

In the context of the One Country–Two Systems policy, Shenzhen and Hong Kong have rapidly grown into a dual-core international metropolis. However, a huge barrier is the commuting cost incurred by the tariff policy, which blocks the road to the high-quality development of [...] Read more.

In the context of the One Country–Two Systems policy, Shenzhen and Hong Kong have rapidly grown into a dual-core international metropolis. However, a huge barrier is the commuting cost incurred by the tariff policy, which blocks the road to the high-quality development of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Based on traffic accessibility and kernel density analysis of the subway network and points of interest (POIs) of urban functional areas with ArcGIS, this study analyzed the commute time and convenience level of the functional areas in the two separate tariff zones. The traffic (commute) time in 75 min was taken as the turning point of the efficiency of the Shenzhen–Hong Kong connection, and it was found that both the customs clearance time and the accessible areas show the shape of a parabolic function with an upward opening. It was also found that, in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, the commute time in most of the business, commercial, residential, and industrial areas is 60–75 min. In particular, the comfortable range within 45 min was not achieved. It is necessary to further promote the effectiveness of the Shenzhen–Hong Kong customs clearance system and continuously reduce the customs clearance cost so as to promote the integration of Shenzhen and Hong Kong in order to implement the national strategy of “dual circulation” and innovation-driven development and efficiently drive the coordinated construction of the GBA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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18 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Rural Industrial Integration: Spatial Spillover Effects and Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity

by Han Zhang and Dongli Wu

Land 2022, 11(7), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11071116 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3028

Abstract

Industry convergence is the future trend of industrial development in rural areas and is conducive to high-quality agriculture development. To explore the development dynamics of industry convergence. This paper selects data from 31 provincial administrative regions in China from 2009 to 2019. It [...] Read more.

Industry convergence is the future trend of industrial development in rural areas and is conducive to high-quality agriculture development. To explore the development dynamics of industry convergence. This paper selects data from 31 provincial administrative regions in China from 2009 to 2019. It uses the entropy power method to measure the development quality of rural industrial integration in China and empirically studies the impact of transportation infrastructure on rural industrial integration using a spatial panel autoregressive model. The study found that: (1) from 2009–2019, the development quality of rural industrial integration is on the rise, but the development is uneven between regions; (2) transport infrastructure strongly promotes the development of rural industrial integration; (3) with the help of transport infrastructure, rural industrial integration in this region will improve the quality of rural industrial integration in the surrounding areas; and (4) the impact of transportation facilities varies in different regions and at different stages of development of rural industrial integration. The results of this paper are beneficial to improving transportation infrastructure planning and exploring the driving force of high-quality agriculture development, enriching the research of spatial land use, and providing valuable insights for developing industry convergence in other countries and regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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31 pages, 6933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dynamic Performance and Differentiation Management Policy for Urban Construction Land Use Change in Gansu, China

by Yajun Ma, Ping Zhang, Kaixu Zhao, Yong Zhou and Sidong Zhao

Land 2022, 11(6), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060942 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Making efforts to promote rationalized urban construction land change, distribution, allocation, and its performance is the core task of territory spatial planning and a complex issue that the government must face and solve. Based on the Boston Consulting Group matrix, a decoupling model, [...] Read more.

Making efforts to promote rationalized urban construction land change, distribution, allocation, and its performance is the core task of territory spatial planning and a complex issue that the government must face and solve. Based on the Boston Consulting Group matrix, a decoupling model, and a GIS tool, this paper constructs a new tool that integrates “dynamic analysis + performance evaluation + policy design” for urban construction land. We reached the following findings from an empirical study of Gansu, China: (1) Urban construction land shows diversified changes, where expansion is dominant and shrink cannot be ignored. (2) Most cities are in the non-ideal state of LH (Low-High) and LL (Low-Low), with a small number in the state of HH (High-High) and HL (High-Low). (3) Urban construction land change and population growth, economic development, and income increase are in a discordant relationship, mostly in strong negative decoupling and expansive negative decoupling. (4) The spatial heterogeneity of urban construction land change and its performance are at a high level, and they show a slow upward trend. Additionally, the cold and the hot spots show obvious spatial clustering characteristics, and the spatial pattern of different indexes is different to some extent. (5) It is suggested that in territory spatial planning Gansu should divide the space into four policy areas—incremental, inventory, a reduction development policy area, and a transformation leading policy area—to implement differentiated management policies and to form a new spatial governance system of “control by zoning and management by class”. The change of urban construction land, characterized by dynamics and complexity, is a direct mapping of the urban growth process. The new tools constructed in this paper will help to reveal the laws of urban development and to improve the accuracy of territory spatial planning in the new era. They are of great theoretical significance and practical value for promoting high-quality and sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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17 pages, 3146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Shrinking Cities in China: Evidence from Nighttime Light

by Qi Wang, Zhongling Xin and Fangqu Niu

Land 2022, 11(6), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060871 - 8 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Since the 1980s, rapid urbanization in China has been accompanied by city shrinkage. Identifying shrinking cities and clarifying the spatial and temporal patterns are of great significance for formulating policies and realizing smart shrinkage. City shrinkage characterized by population loss is a difficult [...] Read more.

Since the 1980s, rapid urbanization in China has been accompanied by city shrinkage. Identifying shrinking cities and clarifying the spatial and temporal patterns are of great significance for formulating policies and realizing smart shrinkage. City shrinkage characterized by population loss is a difficult challenge for urban planning and regional development policy-making. This paper uses 2012–2020 nighttime light (NTL) data to identify the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of shrinking cities in China and excavates the shrinking cities’ trend of agglomeration and dispersion further. The following results are obtained. (1) About 34.9% of prefecture-level cities are shrinking across the country but most severely in northeast and northwest China; (2) the number of shrinking cities fluctuates over time (2015 and 2020 are the peak shrinkage years). Shrinking cities in China show a northeast-to-southwest spatial distribution. (3) From 2012 to 2020, the aggregation degree of shrinkage continuously decreased (Low-Low) and the aggregation degree of growth continuously increased (High-High), indicating that shrinkage in northeast China was slightly alleviated and that the radiative effect of the growth pole was further enhanced. These findings help us better understand the trend of city shrinkage in China. Future work needs to be focused on the potential causes of the shrinkage. Furthermore, long-term trends also need to be investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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18 pages, 16173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Village Evaluation and Classification Guidance of a County in Southeast Gansu Based on the Rural Revitalization Strategy

by Yongzhen Wang and Xianzhong Cao

Land 2022, 11(6), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060857 - 7 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2205

Abstract

The rural revitalization strategy is a key strategic deployment to resolve the “San Nong” (Agriculture, Rural Areas, and Farmers) issue and attain agricultural and rural modernization in the new era. The strategy has practical significance in determining the differentiation principle of rural areas, [...] Read more.

The rural revitalization strategy is a key strategic deployment to resolve the “San Nong” (Agriculture, Rural Areas, and Farmers) issue and attain agricultural and rural modernization in the new era. The strategy has practical significance in determining the differentiation principle of rural areas, identifying their development types, and elucidating the goal orientation of rural revitalization. Starting from the current situation of villages in Gangu County, this study thoroughly analyzes and evaluates the functions of the village system using the ArcGIS spatial analysis method, with urban–rural overall planning as the core concept and various function and correcting factor evaluations as the basis. Based on the functional characteristics of different dimensions, villages in Gangu County were categorized as follows: Weihe River Valley high-efficiency economic zone, Sandu River Taiwan grain and vegetable multi-characteristic economic zone, North Front Mountain grain, vegetable, medicine, and oil zone, South Front Mountain grain, vegetable, and oil zone, North Back Mountain grain, oil, and medicine zone, and South Back Mountain grain and economic zone as corresponding planning strategies for classified development guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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20 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Interactive Coercing Relationship between Urban Rail Transit and the Ecological Environment

by Liudan Jiao, Fenglian Luo, Fengyan Wu, Yu Zhang, Xiaosen Huo and Ya Wu

Land 2022, 11(6), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060836 - 2 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1794

Abstract

The Chinese environment is experiencing the “U-Type” course from sharp deterioration to significant improvement. In order to achieve the fundamental improvement of the ecological environment, China has implemented several relevant policies and strategies. Among them, the development of urban rail transit, as an [...] Read more.

The Chinese environment is experiencing the “U-Type” course from sharp deterioration to significant improvement. In order to achieve the fundamental improvement of the ecological environment, China has implemented several relevant policies and strategies. Among them, the development of urban rail transit, as an essential measure to improve the ecological environment in China, has attracted more and more attention, but the research on the interactive coercion relationship between rail transit and the ecological environment is minimal. Therefore, this study selected ten cities opening urban rail transit before 2005 in mainland China as research objects and established an urban rail transit and ecological environment comprehensive evaluation index system. Then, the interactive coercing model and coupling coordination model were used, and the dynamic relationship between urban rail transit and the ecological environment was explored. The research results in this study showed that (1) there is an apparent interactive coercion relationship between urban rail transit and the ecological environment, and the evolution trajectory conforms to a double exponential curve. (2) From 2006 to 2019, Wuhan’s ecological environment pressure index showed a continuous downward trend. The ecological environment improved the fastest. The rest of the cities showed a trend of first rising and then falling. (3) The type of coupling coordination degree of urban rail transit and ecological environment showed a changing coordination trend from severe incoordination—slight to incoordination—basic to coordination—good. Beijing has the highest degree of overall coordinated development in urban rail transit and the ecological environment. The results of this study can provide a theoretical reference for the realisation of the virtuous circle development of rail transit and the ecological environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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14 pages, 4017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Security and Ecosystem Quality: A Case Study of Xia-Zhang-Quan Metropolitan Area in China

by Fachao Liang, Mengdi Bai, Qiyu Hu and Sheng-Hau Lin

Land 2022, 11(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050707 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

Ecological security patterns are an effective tool by which to balance economic development with ecological protection. This study used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model in conjunction with circuit theory to evaluate ecosystem quality from four dimensions: background conditions, [...] Read more.

Ecological security patterns are an effective tool by which to balance economic development with ecological protection. This study used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model in conjunction with circuit theory to evaluate ecosystem quality from four dimensions: background conditions, topography, landscape structure, and ecological resistance. Our objective was to identify ecological “pinch points” in order to create an ecological security pattern that would be sustainable under a range of land use functions. We selected as the research target the Xia-Zhang-Quan metropolitan area in China due to the extensive soil erosion and general degradation of ecosystems caused by its rapid socio-economic development. Our analysis identified 17 ecological source sites covering 11,512 km², which accounts for 45.36% of the total area. The inter-source corridor includes 31 key corridors and 10 potential corridors covering 3305 km. The average ecosystem quality of this area was estimated at 0.65 at an optimal granularity of 400 m. The distribution of resistance values in the study area was relatively concentrated with the land divided into an ecological buffer zone (34.6%), an environmentally sensitive zone (10.9%), and a blocking zone (9.2%). Our analysis also revealed various corridors based on the regional and functional characteristics of ecological elements and improvement strategies at the pinch points to help restore the function of ecological sources. Protection of these corridors will help to maintain regional ecological security patterns and optimize the structure of ecological spaces with the aim of achieving sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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16 pages, 18320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Expansion in China: Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Determinants

by Shengqiang Jing, Yueguan Yan, Fangqu Niu and Wenhui Song

Land 2022, 11(3), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11030356 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3060

Abstract

China’s urbanization has attracted many scholars’ attention due to its significant impact on socioeconomic sustainability. Many studies have explored the spatial pattern and effects of the factors influencing urban expansion. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics integrating spatial and temporal dimensions and the spatial scales [...] Read more.

China’s urbanization has attracted many scholars’ attention due to its significant impact on socioeconomic sustainability. Many studies have explored the spatial pattern and effects of the factors influencing urban expansion. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics integrating spatial and temporal dimensions and the spatial scales of the influencing factors are always ignored. This study applied the framework of exploratory space–time data analysis (ESTDA) to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban expansion across 342 cities in China from 1990 to 2017 and, further, used multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to estimate the effects of influencing factors on urban expansion. We found that urban expansion had an obvious south–north division, and yet the effects of influencing factors usually showed an east–west division. We also found that the dynamic local spatial dependency of urban expansion was accompanied by a volatile coevolution process and inclined to transfer from heterogeneity to homogeneity, and homogeneity tended to be stable. The coevolution of urban expansion between cities and other neighboring ones became stronger with increases in time and regional integration. These findings support the use of customized urban planning for specific regions in different spatial dependence to improve land-use efficiency and coordinate regional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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18 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Different Impacts of Airports on the Ecological Environment under Distinct Institutional Contexts

by Changsheng Xiong, Yu Tian, Xue Liu, Rong Tan and Qiaolin Luan

Land 2022, 11(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020291 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4695

Abstract

Few studies have attempted to investigate the impact of airports on the ecological environment. This paper compares the effects of airports in China and Germany on the surrounding ecological environment and discusses the underlying institutional mechanisms that lead to these impacts. We used [...] Read more.

Few studies have attempted to investigate the impact of airports on the ecological environment. This paper compares the effects of airports in China and Germany on the surrounding ecological environment and discusses the underlying institutional mechanisms that lead to these impacts. We used remote-sensing ecological indicators to assess ecological environment quality. A buffer analysis was used to determine the influence scopes of airports on the ecological environment. The institutional analysis development framework was adopted to investigate the functions of different institutions on the influence scopes and intensities. The results showed that the Chinese airport had obvious negative effects and that its impact scope was wide, while the impact intensity of the German airport was weaker. These significant differences stem from the distinct institutional systems that structure the two airports. Our findings ultimately provide insight into how to improve the relationship between infrastructure construction and environmental protection in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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Review

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessReview

Central–Local Relations in Land Planning Governance in Contemporary China: A Review from the Structural, Process, and Cultural Perspectives

by Tianxiao Zhou

Land 2022, 11(10), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101669 - 27 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1846

Abstract

Land planning plays an important role in the economic and social development of a developing country, such as China. Studies have started to focus on the topic of central and local relations in land planning systems; however, the picture of central–local relations presented [...] Read more.

Land planning plays an important role in the economic and social development of a developing country, such as China. Studies have started to focus on the topic of central and local relations in land planning systems; however, the picture of central–local relations presented by different studies has not been classified and distinguished. From the perspectives of structure, process, and culture, this paper reviews recent studies on the relationship between central and local governments in land planning governance and summarizes the existing research status and shortcomings, aiming to point out directions for future research. The results indicate that (1) existing studies provide a simple sketch of central–local relations, focusing on the structural and process perspectives and paying less attention to the cultural perspective; (2) the points of view among these studies conflict, leading to a lack of systematic theory and consensus regarding central–local relations in land planning; and (3) the process perspective is currently a hot topic that involves issues of central and local behavior, such as land planning execution, planning policy innovation, and public goods provision, but studies do not adopt an in-depth methodology. Therefore, we suggest that future research should be developed in four dimensions, namely the construction of a conceptual model, the expansion of existing theories, the application of new methods, and the integration of research perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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20 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessReview

Spatial Planning Implementation Effectiveness: Review and Research Prospects

by Guan Li, Liping Wang, Cifang Wu, Zhongguo Xu, Yuefei Zhuo and Xiaoqiang Shen

Land 2022, 11(8), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081279 - 9 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4917

Abstract

The question of how to implement spatial planning more effective is a fundamental but very difficult one and one that has been of great interest to both the academic and practical community. However, a comprehensive review of the conceptual models and methodological systems [...] Read more.

The question of how to implement spatial planning more effective is a fundamental but very difficult one and one that has been of great interest to both the academic and practical community. However, a comprehensive review of the conceptual models and methodological systems for evaluating spatial planning implementation, and the existing practical research results of various types of spatial planning implementation evaluation, are yet to be presented. The study systematically reviews the main research findings in the field of spatial planning implementation from four aspects: conceptual analysis, measurement methods, evaluation frameworks and evaluation methods. This study found three distinct evolutionary features of research in this field: (1) The evaluation concept changes from complete rationality to limited rationality; (2) research methodology changes from a simple closed system to a complex open system; (3) the research perspective shifts from the map to the main body of planning implementation behavior. It is suggested that an important part of future research lies in establishing a system for evaluating the effectiveness based on a single subject who is an actor in the planning implementation process. On this basis, the micro-influencing mechanisms of planning implementation effects will then be explored. Deepening the research to the individual level will help improve planning implementation’s effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territory Spatial Planning toward High-Quality Development in China)

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