Dolomitization, Recrystallization, and Cementation in Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 December 2024 | Viewed by 5427

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology, Hangzhou 310023, China
Interests: carbonate sequence stratigraphy and deposition; dolomitization; karstification; reservoir characterization
Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: diagenesis; petroleum geology; carbonate and evaporite
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Guest Editor
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil & Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
Interests: diagenesis; dolomitization; porosity evolution; TSR

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dolomitization, recrystallization and cementation are the most commonly occurring types of diagenetic modification for carbonate rock. They can develop in a variety of situations, conditions, and stages, impacting the pore evolution of carbonate rock reservoirs.

In recent years, remarkable advances have been made in experimental analysis techniques, such as laser U-Pb dating, clumped isotopes, and surface scanning of rare earth elements. These developments have offered an opportunity to understand the stages, diagenetic environments, and related geofluid properties of dolomitization, recrystallization, and cementation.

Different modes of diagenesis, taking place under different conditions, tend to make different contributions to the formation and maintenance of pores in carbonate rock reservoirs during the burial stage, especially during dolomitization. Understanding their contributions to the evolution of reservoir pores can help to promote efforts to predict the distribution and heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs.

This Special Issue aims to contribute to disseminating advances in the understanding of dolomitization, recrystallization, and cementation in order to decipher the evolution of the carbonate rock and related reservoir.

Dr. Zhanfeng Qiao
Dr. Lei Jiang
Dr. Guangwei Wang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • dolomitization
  • recrystallization
  • cementation
  • carbonate reservoir
  • advances in geochronology

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

35 pages, 18094 KiB  
Article
Multi-Phase Dolomitization in the Jurassic Paleo-Oil Reservoir Zone, Qiangtang Basin (SW China): Implications for Reservoir Development
by Ruilin Hao, Liyin Pan, Nana Mu, Xi Li, Xiaodong Fu, Shaoyun Xiong, Siqi Liu, Jianfeng Zheng, Min She and Axel Munnecke
Minerals 2024, 14(9), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090908 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 523
Abstract
The age and dolomitization processes in the Paleo-oil reservoir zone, which is composed of massive dolostones found in the Qiangtang Basin (SW China), are still debated. In this research, the Long’eni-Geluguanna Area was selected. Macroscopic information, thin sections, and geochemical methods were used [...] Read more.
The age and dolomitization processes in the Paleo-oil reservoir zone, which is composed of massive dolostones found in the Qiangtang Basin (SW China), are still debated. In this research, the Long’eni-Geluguanna Area was selected. Macroscopic information, thin sections, and geochemical methods were used to investigate the dolomitization characteristics and the processes that controlled dolomitization. Five types of replacive dolomites and two types of dolomite cement were observed. Some of the dolomites displayed ghosts of primary sedimentary structures. Saddle dolomites were prevalent, occurring in the interparticle and moldic pores of the limestone which should have been filled at an early diagenetic stage. Ten microfacies types were identified. The foraminifera assemblage provides evidence that the studied interval is of Early Jurassic age. The δ13C values are similar to the contemporaneous seawater signature. The REE+Y patterns of limestones and dolostones exhibit similarities to that of seawater. The mean Na and Sr values are comparable to those of other near-normal seawater dolomites. The δ18O values of all lithologies are markedly depleted. The dolomitization started penecontemporaneously, with deposition. A general sand shoal setting with patch reefs developed. The dolomitizing fluids, near-normal seawater, was probably formed by slight evaporation on top of the shoal. Saddle dolomites in the interparticle and moldic pores might indicate hydrothermal activity, which also caused the recrystallization of some pre-existing dolomites. The recrystallization might have slightly increased the crystal size, demolished the ghost structures, formed saddle dolomites, and altered the REE+Y patterns. The recrystallization extent diminished with increasing distance from the fluids-providing fracture. Furthermore, the existence of protected areas within the sand shoal settings could enhance the vertical and horizontal heterogeneity of dolostone reservoirs. Full article
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20 pages, 6719 KiB  
Article
Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China
by Shuangjian Li, Jian Gao, Tianbo Yang, Tianyi Li, Tianjia Liu, Yunqing Hao, Zhiliang He and Entao Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(8), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080803 - 7 Aug 2024
Viewed by 840
Abstract
The hydrothermal dolomitization, facilitated by basement fault activities, had an important impact on the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the Sichuan Basin, which experienced complex diagenesis and presented strong reservoir heterogeneity. The source and age of diagenetic fluids in this succession remain controversial. [...] Read more.
The hydrothermal dolomitization, facilitated by basement fault activities, had an important impact on the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the Sichuan Basin, which experienced complex diagenesis and presented strong reservoir heterogeneity. The source and age of diagenetic fluids in this succession remain controversial. In this study, various analyses were implemented on samples collected from outcrops and wells near the No. 15 fault in the eastern Sichuan Basin to reconstruct the multi-stage fluid activity and analyze the impact on reservoir development, including petrology, micro-domain isotopes, rare earth elements, homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating. The homogenization temperature of primary brine inclusions in fine-grained matrix dolomite and saddle dolomite is concentrated between 100 and 150 °C, which indicates that the impacts of abnormally high temperatures of other geological bodies. The δ13C and δ18O value and low 87Sr/86Sr value indicate that the diagenetic fluid of fine-grained matrix dolomite is mainly Permian seawater. The U-Pb ages of fine-grained matrix dolomite are ~260 Ma, which coincides with the age of the main magmatism of Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), and hydrothermal fluid provided a favorable high-temperature environment in the penecontemporaneous stage. While highly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr compositions suggests those of saddle dolomite, the high-temperature Sr-rich formation fluid. The U-Pb ages of saddle dolomite are 245–250 Ma, which coincides with the age of the 255~251 Ma magmatism of ELIP. This indicates that those should be the diagenetic products of the ELIP hydrothermal fluid in the shallow burial stage. The U-Pb age of coarse-grained calcite is 190–220 Ma, and it should be the diagenetic product of the deep burial stage. Brine inclusions associated with primary methane inclusions were developed in coarse-grained calcite, with a homogenization temperature range of 140.8–199.8 °C, which indicates that the formation fluid activities were related to hydrocarbon charging. The Permian Maokou Formation dolomite was firstly formed in the penecontemporaneous shallow burial stage, and then it was subjected to further hydrothermal dolomitization due to the basement faulting and the abnormally high heat flow during the active period of ELIP. Hydrothermal dolomitization contributed to the formation and maintenance of intercrystalline and dissolution pores, whereas it also formed saddle dolomite to fill the pores, and reduce the pore space. The influence of deep fluid activities on reservoir evolution is further distinguished. Full article
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23 pages, 14629 KiB  
Article
Diagenesis of Cenomanian–Early Turonian and the Control of Carbonate Reservoirs in the Northern Central Arabian Basin
by Fengfeng Li, Yong Li, Haiying Han, Wenqi Zhang and Lei Li
Minerals 2024, 14(8), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080769 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 706
Abstract
The carbonate reservoirs of Cenomanian–Early Turonian in the northeastern Central Arabian Basin hold considerable oil reserves and are great contributors to oil production. Diagenesis have a great impact on carbonate reservoir petrophysical properties, microstructure, and heterogeneity. By integrating cores, cast thin sections, regular [...] Read more.
The carbonate reservoirs of Cenomanian–Early Turonian in the northeastern Central Arabian Basin hold considerable oil reserves and are great contributors to oil production. Diagenesis have a great impact on carbonate reservoir petrophysical properties, microstructure, and heterogeneity. By integrating cores, cast thin sections, regular core analysis, CT, and isotopes, this study provides an improved understanding of diagenesis in the Cenomanian–Early Turonian and its effect on carbonate reservoirs. The results showed that three diagenetic environments were identified in the Cenomanian–Early Turonian based on texture, structure, cement, crystal form, and crystal size, which were marine environment, meteoric environment, and burial environment. Six diageneses were identified based on residual bioclastic, secondary pores, calcite quantity, dolomite size, and stylolite, namely dissolution, cementation, micritization, dolomitization, compaction, and pressure solution. A micritization model in high energy sediment, a dolomitization model in burrows, and a comprehensive diagenetic model were established. It concluded that dissolution during meteoric environment is most favorable to reservoir physical properties, while cementation is least favorable. The cement content controls the microstructure and petrophysical property. Micritization is detrimental to the petrophysical properties, and the micrite it forms are distributed in the interparticle pores, reducing the reservoir property deposited in high energy environment. Dolomitization is less developed in substrate but widely developed in burrows, which result in the physical properties of the burrows being higher than those of substrate. Compaction and pressure solution have a negative impact on reservoir physical properties. Full article
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16 pages, 14962 KiB  
Article
Genesis and Related Reservoir Development Model of Ordovician Dolomite in Shuntogol Area, Tarim Basin
by Liangxuanzi Zhong, Leli Cheng, Heng Fu, Shaoze Zhao, Xiaobin Ye, Yidong Ding and Yin Senlin
Minerals 2024, 14(6), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060545 - 25 May 2024
Viewed by 891
Abstract
The Ordovician thick dolostone in Shuntogol area of the Tarim Basin has the potential to form a large-scale reservoir, but its genesis and reservoir development model are still unclear. Starting from a sedimentary sequence, this study takes a batch of dolostone samples obtained [...] Read more.
The Ordovician thick dolostone in Shuntogol area of the Tarim Basin has the potential to form a large-scale reservoir, but its genesis and reservoir development model are still unclear. Starting from a sedimentary sequence, this study takes a batch of dolostone samples obtained from new drilling cores in recent years as the research object. On the basis of core observation and thin section identification, trace elements, cathodoluminescence, carbon and oxygen isotopes, rare earth elements, and X-ray diffraction order degree tests were carried out to discuss the origin of the dolomite and summarize the development model of the dolostone reservoir. The analysis results show that the Ordovician dolomite in the study area had a good crystalline shape, large thickness, high Fe and Mn values, and mostly showed bright red light or bright orange–red light under cathode rays. The ratio of δ18O values to seawater values at the same time showed a negative bias; the δCe values were negative anomalies, the δEu values were positive anomalies, and the order degree was high. This indicates that the dolomitization process occurred in a relatively closed diagenetic environment. The Ordovician carbonate rocks in the study area were low-lying during the sedimentary period, and with the rise of sea level, the open platform facies continued to develop. When the Middle and Lower Ordovician series entered the burial stage, the main hydrocarbon source rocks of the lower Cambrian Series entered the oil generation peak, and the resulting formation overpressure provided the dynamic source for the upward migration of the lower magnesium-rich fluid, and the dolomitization fluid entered the karst pore system in the target layer to produce all the dolomitization. This set of dolostone reservoirs is large in scale and can be used as a favorable substitute area for deep carbonate exploration for continuous study. Full article
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18 pages, 14029 KiB  
Article
Distribution and Genesis of the Deep Buried, Fractured and Vuggy Dolostone Reservoir in the Lower Ordovician Succession, North Tarim Basin, Northwestern China
by Lijun Gao, Jie Li, Guorong Li, Liyun Fu and Yongli Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14010058 - 2 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1373
Abstract
Recently, a series of prolific fracture-vug reservoirs have been discovered in the lower Ordovician dolostone successions of the northern Tarim Basin. However, the genesis of these reservoirs remains unclear. In this study, observations on drilling cores and thin sections identify the pore space [...] Read more.
Recently, a series of prolific fracture-vug reservoirs have been discovered in the lower Ordovician dolostone successions of the northern Tarim Basin. However, the genesis of these reservoirs remains unclear. In this study, observations on drilling cores and thin sections identify the pore space characterized by dissolved fractures, fissures, and vugs. Petrology, cathodoluminescence, and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions aid in establishing the diagenetic paragenetic sequence. Dissolving enlargement occurred after chemical compaction of overlying limestone and before the Permian volcanic activity. Breccia pores containing unique fillings of terrestrial materials (quartz sand and allogenic kaolinite) and calcite cements with negative δ18OPDB values (−18.4‰) along with 87Sr/86Sr ratios (up to 0.71026) indicate that the dissolving fluid originated from meteoric freshwater at the surface. The δ18OSMOW values of the calcite precipitating fluid (−2.1‰ to −8.7‰) further suggest freshwater as the source of the dissolving fluid, buffered by the Ordovician wall rocks or formation water. As the distance from the unconformity surface increases, both the homogenization temperature and δ18OPDB values of the breccia pore-filling calcite in the southern study area gradually elevate and deplete, respectively, indicating a rise in temperature during the infiltration of meteoric freshwater with increasing subsurface temperatures. The abnormal reflection bodies identified as reservoirs in seismic profiles along deep-seated strike-slip faults delineate these faults as the channel for the infiltration of meteoric freshwater. The penetrating strata of these faults and the high 87Sr/86Sr values of breccia pore-filling calcite suggest that karstification occurred during the Devonian period. Accordingly, we establish a deep karst model in which the Devonian meteoric freshwater penetrated along the strike-slip faults and dissolved the Ordovician dolostones, resulting in the development of deep buried karstic fault reservoirs in the southern region of the northern Tarim Basin. Full article
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