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New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils...
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New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Phytochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2023) | Viewed by 7178

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Patrizia Rubiolo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
Interests: plant volatiles and essential oils; botanicals; analysis of plant secondary metabolites through GC–MS and LC–MS
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Barbara Sgorbini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
Interests: essential oils and bioactive plant volatiles; solvent-free sample preparation techniques; GC–MS analysis of bioactive plant secondary metabolites; botanicals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Cecilia Cagliero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy
Interests: natural compounds; phytochemical analysis; sample preparation; gas chromatography; HPLC; ionic liquids; deep eutectic solvents; chiral analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

On the basis of ISO 9235, Essential Oils (EOs) are “products obtained from a natural raw material of plant origin, by steam distillation, by mechanical processes from the epicarp of citrus fruits, or by dry distillation, after separation of the aqueous phase— if any — by physical processes”.

Their chemical composition can be very complex, and their volatile nature requires us to adopt proper and dedicated strategies for their characterization and for their applications in different fields.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect new applications of EOs and their components in the pharmaceutical, food, beverage, and cosmetic fields. Moreover, other new fields of applications of EOs, such as the use of their constituents in the development of sustainable materials such as renewable feedstocks, are emerging, and therefore, studies in this respect are welcome. The submission of studies on essential oils from unknown or little-studied plants, with their reliable chemical definition, is also encouraged.

Prof. Dr. Patrizia Rubiolo
Prof. Dr. Barbara Sgorbini
Dr. Cecilia Cagliero
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • essential oils
  • specialized metabolites
  • bioactive compounds
  • chemical characterization
  • biological properties
  • new applications

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4004 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ferulago lutea (Poir.) Grande Essential Oil on Molecular Hallmarks of Skin Aging
by Jorge M. Alves-Silva, Patrícia Moreira, Carlos Cavaleiro, Cláudia Pereira, Maria Teresa Cruz and Lígia Salgueiro
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213741 - 31 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1057
Abstract
With the increase in global life expectancy, maintaining health into old age becomes a challenge, and research has thus concentrated on various strategies which aimed to mitigate the effects of skin aging. Aromatic plants stand out as promising sources of anti-aging compounds due [...] Read more.
With the increase in global life expectancy, maintaining health into old age becomes a challenge, and research has thus concentrated on various strategies which aimed to mitigate the effects of skin aging. Aromatic plants stand out as promising sources of anti-aging compounds due to their secondary metabolites, particularly essential oils (EOs). The aim of this study was to ascribe to Ferulago lutea EO several biological activities that could be useful in the context of skin aging. The EO was obtained using hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The effect on cell migration was disclosed using scratch wound assay. Lipogenesis was induced using T0901317, hyperpigmentation with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxantine (IBMX) and senescence with etoposide. Our results show that the EO was characterized mainly by α-pinene and limonene. The EO was able to decrease nitric oxide (NO) release as well as iNOS and pro-IL-1β protein levels. The EO promoted wound healing while decreasing lipogenesis and having depigmenting effects. The EO also reduced senescence-associated β-galactosidase, p21/p53 protein levels and the nuclear accumulation of γH2AX. Overall, our study highlights the properties of F. lutea EO that make it a compelling candidate for dermocosmetics applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components)
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11 pages, 792 KiB  
Article
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oil: An Interesting Source of Bioactive Specialized Metabolites as Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase
by Marta Pavarino, Arianna Marengo, Cecilia Cagliero, Carlo Bicchi, Patrizia Rubiolo and Barbara Sgorbini
Plants 2023, 12(19), 3463; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193463 - 2 Oct 2023
Viewed by 959
Abstract
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae family) is a plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. In this work, the essential oil of E. cardamomum was found to inhibit the enzymes AChE (62.6% of inhibition, IC50 24.9 μg/mL) and BChE (55.8% of [...] Read more.
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae family) is a plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. In this work, the essential oil of E. cardamomum was found to inhibit the enzymes AChE (62.6% of inhibition, IC50 24.9 μg/mL) and BChE (55.8% of inhibition, IC50 25.9 μg/mL) by performing an in vitro colorimetric assay using the Ellman method. A bio-guided fractionation approach was used to isolate fractions/pure compounds that were tested individually to evaluate their activity. The resulting oxygenated fraction was found to be active against both AChE (percentage inhibition 42.8%) and BChE (percentage inhibition 63.7%), while the hydrocarbon fraction was inactive. The activity was attributed to a pool of oxygenated terpenes (α-terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, and α-terpineol) that synergistically contributed to the overall activity of the essential oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components)
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11 pages, 1004 KiB  
Article
Synergism in Two-Component Insecticides with Dillapiole against Fall Armyworm
by Murilo Fazolin, Humberto R. Bizzo, André F. M. Monteiro, Maria E. C. Lima, Natália S. Maisforte and Paola E. Gama
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3042; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173042 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 984
Abstract
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a polyphagous insect pest, is a major threat to food production, rapidly spreading through all the tropical areas in the world. Resistance has developed to the control protocols used so far (pyrethroids, organophosphorus, and genetically modified [...] Read more.
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a polyphagous insect pest, is a major threat to food production, rapidly spreading through all the tropical areas in the world. Resistance has developed to the control protocols used so far (pyrethroids, organophosphorus, and genetically modified plants), and alternative strategies must be found. The bioactivity in essential oils is usually associated with the major constituents, but synergistic interactions among the constituents (even minor ones) can improve the levels of activity considerably. Herein, we tested the insecticidal activity of several constituents of the essential oil from Piper aduncum, an Amazonian Piperaceae, both separately and as binary mixtures, through their application on the dorsal side of the larva pronotum. Dillapiole proved to be, isolated, the most active compound in this oil (LD50 = 0.35 ppm). In binary mixtures, a strong synergistic effect was observed for the pairs of dillapiole with β-caryophyllene (LD50 = 0.03 ppm), methyl eugenol (LD50 = 0.05 ppm), and α-humulene (LD50 = 0.05 ppm). In some cases, however, antagonism was recorded, as for dillapiole + β-pinene (LD50 = 0.44 ppm). The use of binary mixtures of essential oil constituents as low-environmental-toxicity insecticides allows a fine tuning of the insecticidal activity, and the exploitation of synergy effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components)
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15 pages, 2101 KiB  
Article
Chemical Variability of the Essential Oils from Two Portuguese Apiaceae: Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
by Alexandra M. Machado, Violeta Lopes, Ana Maria Barata, Orlanda Póvoa, Noémia Farinha and Ana Cristina Figueiredo
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2749; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142749 - 24 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1105
Abstract
Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. are two aromatic and medicinal Apiaceae species commonly grown in Portugal, whose essential oils (EOs) are used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The present study evaluated EOs isolated from the fruits and vegetative aerial [...] Read more.
Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. are two aromatic and medicinal Apiaceae species commonly grown in Portugal, whose essential oils (EOs) are used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The present study evaluated EOs isolated from the fruits and vegetative aerial parts (VAPs) of 11 samples of Coriandrum sativum L. and from the fruits of 19 samples of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. The plant material was grown in experimental fields, after collection from several regions of mainland Portugal. The EOs were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The coriander EOs analysis evidenced two main clusters, with the first containing the fruits’ EOs dominated by linalool (60–73%), γ-terpinene, and α-pinene and the second with the VAPs’ EOs, which showed 2-trans-decenal (37–63%) and n-decanal (13–30%) as the main compounds. The fennel EOs analysis revealed two well correlated clusters, the first dominated by estragole (34–76%) and fenchone (16–30%) and the other dominated by trans-anethole (37–56%) and fenchone (14–34%). The present data suggest coriander EOs’ chemical descriptors as linalool for the fruits’ EOs and 2-trans-decenal with n-decanal for the VAPs’ EOs. For the fennel fruit EOs, the putative descriptors were trans-anethole and estragole, with variable fenchone content. The gathered data reinforce the relevance of clarifying variability of these species’ EOs, particularly when considering aromatic and medicinal plants with such a wide range of applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components)
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11 pages, 1377 KiB  
Article
Extinction Risk Assessment and Chemical Composition of Aerial Parts Essential Oils from Two Endangered Endemic Malagasy Salvia Species
by Stéphan R. Rakotonandrasana, Mathieu Paoli, Mamy J. Randrianirina, Harilala Ihandriharison, Marc Gibernau, Ange Bighelli, Marrino F. Rakotoarisoa, Pierre Tomi, Charles Andrianjara, Félix Tomi and Delphin J. R. Rabehaja
Plants 2023, 12(10), 1967; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101967 - 12 May 2023
Viewed by 942
Abstract
Seven essential oil samples of two endemic species of Malagasy sage, Salvia sessilifolia Baker and Salvia leucodermis Baker, were investigated via GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR spectrometry. In total, 81compounds were identified accounting for 93.5% to 98.7% of the total composition. The [...] Read more.
Seven essential oil samples of two endemic species of Malagasy sage, Salvia sessilifolia Baker and Salvia leucodermis Baker, were investigated via GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR spectrometry. In total, 81compounds were identified accounting for 93.5% to 98.7% of the total composition. The main constituents for the both species were (E)-β-caryophyllene (29.2% to 60.1%), myrcene (1.2% to 21.7%), α-humulene (5.2% to 19.7%), (E)-nerolidol (0.8% to 15.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.4% to 10.8%). Ethnobotanical survey of 46 informants revealed that decoctions of leafy twigs and chewed leaves were usually used. Due to the repeated fires, over-harvesting and grazing, the populations of S. sessilifolia and S. leucodermis are drastically fragmented. These risk factors led to threats to the habitats of the target species. Salvia sessilifolia Baker and Salvia leucodermis Baker are proposed to be classified as endangered species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components)
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16 pages, 1967 KiB  
Article
The Leaf Essential Oil of Gynoxys buxifolia (Kunth) Cass. (Asteraceae): A Good Source of Furanoeremophilane and Bakkenolide A
by Carolina Cumbicus, Omar Malagón, Nixon Cumbicus and Gianluca Gilardoni
Plants 2023, 12(6), 1323; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061323 - 15 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
The present study describes the chemical and enantiomeric composition of a new essential oil, distilled from the dry leaves of Gynoxys buxifolia (Kunth) Cass. The chemical analysis was conducted by GC-MS and GC-FID, on two orthogonal capillary columns. A total of 72 compounds [...] Read more.
The present study describes the chemical and enantiomeric composition of a new essential oil, distilled from the dry leaves of Gynoxys buxifolia (Kunth) Cass. The chemical analysis was conducted by GC-MS and GC-FID, on two orthogonal capillary columns. A total of 72 compounds were detected and quantified with at least one column, corresponding to about 85% by weight of the whole oil mass. Of the 72 components, 70 were identified by comparing the respective linear retention indices and mass spectra with data from the literature, whereas the two main constituents were identified by preparative purification and NMR experiments. The quantitative analysis was carried out calculating the relative response factor of each compound according to their combustion enthalpy. The major constituents of the EO (≥3%) were: furanoeremophilane (31.3–28.3%), bakkenolide A (17.6–16.3%), caryophyllene oxide (6.0–5.8%), and (E)-β-caryophyllene (4.4%). Additionally, the hydrolate was also analyzed with respect to the dissolved organic phase. About 40.7–43.4 mg/100 mL of organic compounds was detected in solution, of which p-vinylguaiacol was the main component (25.4–29.9 mg/100 mL). Finally, the enantioselective analysis of some chiral terpenes was carried out, with a capillary column based on β-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase. In this analysis, (1S,5S)-(−)-α-pinene, (1S,5S)-(−)-β-pinene, (S)-(+)-α-phellandrene, (S)-(+)-β-phellandrene, and (S)-(−)-terpinen-4-ol were detected as enantiomerically pure, whereas (S)-(−)-sabinene showed an enantiomeric excess of 69.2%. The essential oil described in the present study is a good source of two uncommon volatile compounds: furanoeremophilane and bakkenolide A. The former lacks bioactivity information and deserves further investigation, whereas the latter is a promising selective anticancer product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Knowledge and Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components)
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