Quantum Reports

The Stueckelberg wave equation is transformed into a quantum telegraph equation and a set of stationary states is obtained as unitary solutions. As it has been shown previously that this PDE relates to the Dirac operator, and on the other hand it is a linearized Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman PDE, from which the Schrödinger equation can be deduced in a nonrelativistic limit, it is clear that it is the key equation in relativistic quantum mechanics. We give a Bayesian interpretation for the measurement problem. The stationary solution is understood as a maximum entropy prior distribution and measurement is understood as a Bayesian update. We discuss the interpretation of the single electron experiments in the light of finite speed propagation of the transition probability field and how it relates to the interpretation of quantum mechanics more broadly.

The photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) originates from the spin–orbit interaction (SOI) of light. The literature indicates that the transverse spin-dependent shift, ${\delta }_H^{-}$ (SDS), from the PSHE is weak (in the nanometer range) and difficult to measure directly. This study utilizes a plasmonic structure to improve the ${\delta }_H^{-}$ in the PSHE. The obtained results of this study demonstrate that the inclusion of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) significantly enhances the ${\delta }_H^{-}$ relative to its absence; however, plasmonic material is present in both cases. The enhanced shifts exhibit a significant dependence on the resonance angle (${\theta }_r$) and the thickness of layers of the PSHE structure to attain the maximum increase in ${\delta }_H^{-}$ of 350.82 µm at the plasmonic resonance condition. A systematic analysis of the centroid positions of the reflected beam indicates a distinct and constant separation of opposing spin components. Further, the improved ${\delta }_H^{-}$ is utilized in cancer cell detection, as changes in the refractive index (RI) of cells facilitate the identification of cancer cells from healthy to cancerous. All examined cell types demonstrate that cancerous cells had a greater ${\delta }_H^{-}$ than normal cells, owing to their elevated effective RI. These results illustrate that the proposed plasmonic-assisted PSHE structure offers significant enhancement and a high sensitivity of 439.30 µm/RIU for label-free detection of cancer cells.

The Bell inequality constrains the outcomes of measurements on pairs of distant entangled particles. The Bell contradiction states that the Bell inequality is inconsistent with the calculated outcomes of these quantum experiments. This contradiction led many to question the underlying assumptions, viz. so-called realism and locality. The probability model underlying the Bell inequality is generally left implicit. We propose an explicit probability model for the CHSH version of the Bell experiment. This model has only two simultaneously observable detector settings per measurement, and therefore does not assume realism. The quantum expectation now becomes a conditional expectation, given the two detector settings. This probability model is in full agreement with both quantum mechanics and experiments. As a result, the model satisfies the Bell inequality; there are no so-called violations. We extend this model to include a hidden variable. This extended model is not Bell-separable. This non-separability implies that the model is non-deterministic or non-local (or both).