Sensors

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10 pages, 2631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

All-Fiber CO₂ Sensor Using Hollow Core PCF Operating in the 2 µm Region

by Sully Milena Mejia Quintero, Luiz Carlos Guedes Valente, Marcos Sebastião De Paula Gomes, Hugo Gomes da Silva, Bernardo Caroli de Souza and Sergio R. K. Morikawa

Sensors 2018, 18(12), 4393; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124393 - 12 Dec 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3683

Abstract

A realistic implementation of an all-fiber CO₂ sensor, using 74 cm of hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) as the cavity for light/gas interaction, has been implemented. It is based on CO₂ absorbance in the 2 µm region. The working range [...] Read more.

A realistic implementation of an all-fiber CO₂ sensor, using 74 cm of hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) as the cavity for light/gas interaction, has been implemented. It is based on CO₂ absorbance in the 2 µm region. The working range is from 2% to 100% CO₂ concentration at 1 atm total pressure and the response time obtained was 10 min. Depending on the concentration level, the sensor operates at one of three different wavelengths (2003.5 nm, 1997.0 nm and 1954.5 nm) to maintain a high sensitivity across all the working range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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16 pages, 7107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Dispersion-Optimized Photonic Crystal Fibers Based on Heavy Metal Oxide Glasses for Broadband Infrared Supercontinuum Generation with Fiber Lasers

by Grzegorz Stępniewski, Jacek Pniewski, Dariusz Pysz, Jarosław Cimek, Ryszard Stępień, Mariusz Klimczak and Ryszard Buczyński

Sensors 2018, 18(12), 4127; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124127 - 25 Nov 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3194

Abstract

In this work a photonic crystal fiber made of a heavy metal oxide glass with optimized dispersion profile is proposed for supercontinuum generation in a broad range of wavelengths in the near-infrared, when pumped by a mode-locked fiber-based laser. The fiber is modelled [...] Read more.

In this work a photonic crystal fiber made of a heavy metal oxide glass with optimized dispersion profile is proposed for supercontinuum generation in a broad range of wavelengths in the near-infrared, when pumped by a mode-locked fiber-based laser. The fiber is modelled and optimal geometrical parameters are selected to achieve flat and low dispersion in the anomalous regime. Supercontinuum generation in the range of 0.76–2.40 µm, within the dynamics of 30 dB, when pumped at 1.56 µm with 400 fs–long pulses and an average power 660 mW is possible. The applicability of such fibers is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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9 pages, 2682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of High Sensitivity Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance of Refractive Indexes of Liquids

by Xin Yan, Bin Li, Tonglei Cheng and Shuguang Li

Sensors 2018, 18(9), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092922 - 03 Sep 2018

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 4264

Abstract

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on gold nanowires able to detect changes in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was proposed and numerically investigated through the finite element method. To facilitate real-time detection, the analyte in this sensor was located outside the optical [...] Read more.

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on gold nanowires able to detect changes in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was proposed and numerically investigated through the finite element method. To facilitate real-time detection, the analyte in this sensor was located outside the optical fiber. The effects of diameters of both air hole and gold wires on the sensing characteristics of the sensor were discussed. The sensor was designed to detect liquids with refractive indexes ranging between 1.33 and 1.36. The numerical simulations indicated that sensor structure improved its functionality. The maximum spectral sensitivity reached 9200 nm/RIU over the entire refractive index range. The average spectral sensitivity was estimated to be 5933 nm/RIU, and corresponded to a sensor resolution of 2.81 × 10⁻⁶ RIU. These findings look very promising for future use in detection of liquid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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11 pages, 4232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Measurement of Curvature, Strain and Temperature Using a Twin-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Sensor

by Tongtong Zhao, Shuqin Lou, Xin Wang, Wan Zhang and Yulei Wang

Sensors 2018, 18(7), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072145 - 03 Jul 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4026

Abstract

A novel twin-core photonic crystal fiber-based sensor for simultaneous measurement of curvature, strain and temperature is proposed. The fiber sensor is constructed by splicing the homemade twin-core photonic crystal fiber between two segments of single mode fiber. Affected by the coupling between two [...] Read more.

A novel twin-core photonic crystal fiber-based sensor for simultaneous measurement of curvature, strain and temperature is proposed. The fiber sensor is constructed by splicing the homemade twin-core photonic crystal fiber between two segments of single mode fiber. Affected by the coupling between two cores, the transmission spectrum of the fiber sensor has different wavelength responses to curvature, strain, and temperature. The maximal sensitivities to curvature, strain and temperature are 10.89 nm/m⁻¹, 1.24 pm/με and 73.9 pm/°C, respectively. Simultaneous measurement of curvature, strain and temperature can be achieved by monitoring the wavelength shifts of selected valleys in the transmission spectrum. Contrast experiment based on traditional twin-core fiber is carried out. Experimental results demonstrate that twin-core photonic crystal fiber-based sensor has higher sensitivity and better linearity than traditional twin-core fiber-based sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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10 pages, 3348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Manufacturing a Long-Period Grating with Periodic Thermal Diffusion Technology on High-NA Fiber and Its Application as a High-Temperature Sensor

by Xiang Shen, Bin Dai, Yingbin Xing, Luyun Yang, Haiqing Li, Jinyan Li and Jingang Peng

Sensors 2018, 18(5), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051475 - 08 May 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3996

Abstract

We demonstrated a kind of long-period fiber grating (LPFG), which is manufactured with a thermal diffusion treatment. The LPFG was inscribed on an ultrahigh-numerical-aperture (UHNA) fiber, highly doped with Ge and P, which was able to easily diffuse at high temperatures within a [...] Read more.

We demonstrated a kind of long-period fiber grating (LPFG), which is manufactured with a thermal diffusion treatment. The LPFG was inscribed on an ultrahigh-numerical-aperture (UHNA) fiber, highly doped with Ge and P, which was able to easily diffuse at high temperatures within a few seconds. We analyzed how the elements diffused at a high temperature over 1300 °C in the UHNA fiber. Then we developed a periodically heated technology with a CO₂ laser, which was able to cause the diffusion of the elements to constitute the modulations of an LPFG. With this technology, there is little damage to the outer structure of the fiber, which is different from the traditional LPFG, as it is periodically tapered. Since the LPFG itself was manufactured under high temperature, it can withstand higher temperatures than traditional LPFGs. Furthermore, the LPFG presents a higher sensitivity to high temperature due to the large amount of Ge doping, which is approximately 100 pm/°C. In addition, the LPFG shows insensitivity to the changing of the environment’s refractive index and strain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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12 pages, 6511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

All-Optical Photoacoustic Sensors for Steel Rebar Corrosion Monitoring

by Cong Du, Jones Owusu Twumasi, Qixiang Tang, Xu Guo, Jingcheng Zhou, Tzuyang Yu and Xingwei Wang

Sensors 2018, 18(5), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051353 - 27 Apr 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5804

Abstract

This article presents an application of an active all-optical photoacoustic sensing system with four elements for steel rebar corrosion monitoring. The sensor utilized a photoacoustic mechanism of gold nanocomposites to generate 8 MHz broadband ultrasound pulses in 0.4 mm compact space. A nanosecond [...] Read more.

This article presents an application of an active all-optical photoacoustic sensing system with four elements for steel rebar corrosion monitoring. The sensor utilized a photoacoustic mechanism of gold nanocomposites to generate 8 MHz broadband ultrasound pulses in 0.4 mm compact space. A nanosecond 532 nm pulsed laser and 400 μm multimode fiber were employed to incite an ultrasound reaction. The fiber Bragg gratings were used as distributed ultrasound detectors. Accelerated corrosion testing was applied to four sections of a single steel rebar with four different corrosion degrees. Our results demonstrated that the mass loss of steel rebar displayed an exponential growth with ultrasound frequency shifts. The sensitivity of the sensing system was such that 0.175 MHz central frequency reduction corresponded to 0.02 g mass loss of steel rebar corrosion. It was proved that the all-optical photoacoustic sensing system can actively evaluate the corrosion of steel rebar via ultrasound spectrum. This multipoint all-optical photoacoustic method is promising for embedment into a concrete structure for distributed corrosion monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 14089 KiB

Open AccessReview

Suspended-Core Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers and Potential Applications in Sensing

by Wanvisa Talataisong, Rand Ismaeel, Martynas Beresna and Gilberto Brambilla

Sensors 2019, 19(16), 3449; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163449 - 07 Aug 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5639

Abstract

The study of the fabrication, material selection, and properties of microstructured polymer optical fibers (MPOFs) has long attracted great interest. This ever-increasing interest is due to their wide range of applications, mainly in sensing, including temperature, pressure, chemical, and biological species. This manuscript [...] Read more.

The study of the fabrication, material selection, and properties of microstructured polymer optical fibers (MPOFs) has long attracted great interest. This ever-increasing interest is due to their wide range of applications, mainly in sensing, including temperature, pressure, chemical, and biological species. This manuscript reviews the manufacturing of MPOFs, including the most recent single-step process involving extrusion from a modified 3D printer. MPOFs sensing applications are then discussed, with a stress on the benefit of using polymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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19 pages, 7855 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances on Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors and Applications

by Vincenza Portosi, Dario Laneve, Mario Christian Falconi and Francesco Prudenzano

Sensors 2019, 19(8), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081892 - 21 Apr 2019

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6887

Abstract

In this review paper some recent advances on optical sensors based on photonic crystal fibres are reported. The different strategies successfully applied in order to obtain feasible and reliable monitoring systems in several application fields, including medicine, biology, environment sustainability, communications systems are [...] Read more.

In this review paper some recent advances on optical sensors based on photonic crystal fibres are reported. The different strategies successfully applied in order to obtain feasible and reliable monitoring systems in several application fields, including medicine, biology, environment sustainability, communications systems are highlighted. Emphasis is given to the exploitation of integrated systems and/or single elements based on photonic crystal fibers employing Bragg gratings (FBGs), long period gratings (LPGs), interferometers, plasmon propagation, off-set spliced fibers, evanescent field and hollow core geometries. Examples of recent optical fiber sensors for the measurement of strain, temperature, displacement, air flow, pressure, liquid-level, magnetic field, and hydrocarbon detection are briefly described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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27 pages, 14832 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prospects of Photonic Crystal Fiber as Physical Sensor: An Overview

by Moutusi De, Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay and Vinod Kumar Singh

Sensors 2019, 19(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030464 - 23 Jan 2019

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 13222

Abstract

Photonic crystal fiber sensors have potential application in environmental monitoring, industry, biomedicine, food preservation, and many more. These sensors work based on advanced and flexible phototonic crystal fiber (PCF) structures, controlled light propagation for the measurement of amplitude, phase, polarization and wavelength of [...] Read more.

Photonic crystal fiber sensors have potential application in environmental monitoring, industry, biomedicine, food preservation, and many more. These sensors work based on advanced and flexible phototonic crystal fiber (PCF) structures, controlled light propagation for the measurement of amplitude, phase, polarization and wavelength of spectrum, and PCF-incorporated interferometry techniques. In this article various PCF-based physical sensors are summarized with the advancement of time based on reported works. Some physical PCF sensors are discussed based on solid core as well as hollow core structures, dual core fibers, liquid infiltrated structures, metal coated fibers, grating incorporated fibers. With the advancement of sensing technology the possibilities of temperature, pressure, strain, twist, curvature, electromagnetic field, and refractive index sensing are discussed. Also, limitations as well as possible solutions and future hopes are outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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32 pages, 3137 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications

by José Francisco Algorri, Dimitrios C. Zografopoulos, Alberto Tapetado, David Poudereux and José Manuel Sánchez-Pena

Sensors 2018, 18(12), 4263; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124263 - 04 Dec 2018

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7602

Abstract

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are a special class of optical fibers with a periodic arrangement of microstructured holes located in the fiber’s cladding. Light confinement is achieved by means of either index-guiding, or the photonic bandgap effect in a low-index core. Ever since [...] Read more.

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are a special class of optical fibers with a periodic arrangement of microstructured holes located in the fiber’s cladding. Light confinement is achieved by means of either index-guiding, or the photonic bandgap effect in a low-index core. Ever since PCFs were first demonstrated in 1995, their special characteristics, such as potentially high birefringence, very small or high nonlinearity, low propagation losses, and controllable dispersion parameters, have rendered them unique for many applications, such as sensors, high-power pulse transmission, and biomedical studies. When the holes of PCFs are filled with solids, liquids or gases, unprecedented opportunities for applications emerge. These include, but are not limited in, supercontinuum generation, propulsion of atoms through a hollow fiber core, fiber-loaded Bose–Einstein condensates, as well as enhanced sensing and measurement devices. For this reason, infiltrated PCF have been the focus of intensive research in recent years. In this review, the fundamentals and fabrication of PCF infiltrated with different materials are discussed. In addition, potential applications of infiltrated PCF sensors are reviewed, identifying the challenges and limitations to scale up and commercialize this novel technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors Using Microstructured and Photonics Crystal Fibers)

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