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Sensors
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Time-Resolved Single Photon Imagers and Their Applications
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Time-Resolved Single Photon Imagers and Their Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensing and Imaging".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 3856

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nicola Massari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
Interests: image sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Leonardo Gasparini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
Interests: image sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Robert Henderson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Interests: CMOS image sensors; single photon avalanche diodes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The integration of Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) in standard CMOS technology and its proven performance has attracted research and company attention in these last years thanks to the wide range of potential applications. Thanks to its capability to detect the arrival time of photons with precise resolution, these sensors can be used for measuring the time evolution of phenomena during the acquisition time period while retaining 2D information.

This Special Issue addresses recent advancements in the following areas: 1. design and characterization of new SPAD devices specifically designed for fast response or near infrared application; 2. design and characterization of custom architectures or techniques or technological solutions towards innovative concepts or new applications, which improves the current state of the art; 3. experimental results and applications demonstrating the potential improvement due to the time resolved technique.

Possible field of applications are as follows: TOF systems; time-resolved scientific imaging for data analysis (Raman, fluorescence and IR detectors); optical sensors for medical applications (detectors for PET and scintillator-based detectors); quantum technology (quantum imaging and QRNG).

Dr. Nicola Massari
Dr. Leonardo Gasparini
Prof. Dr. Robert Henderson
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • array of single photon avanche diode
  • time-resolved imagers
  • TOF-systems
  • quantum imaging
  • Raman detectors
  • fluorescence detectors

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5888 KiB  
Article
Towards a Multi-Pixel Photon-to-Digital Converter for Time-Bin Quantum Key Distribution
by Simon Carrier, Michel Labrecque-Dias, Ramy Tannous, Pascal Gendron, Frédéric Nolet, Nicolas Roy, Tommy Rossignol, Frédéric Vachon, Samuel Parent, Thomas Jennewein, Serge Charlebois and Jean-François Pratte
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3376; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073376 - 23 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1752
Abstract
We present an integrated single-photon detection device custom designed for quantum key distribution (QKD) with time-bin encoded single photons. We implemented and demonstrated a prototype photon-to-digital converter (PDC) that integrates an 8 × 8 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array with on-chip digital signal [...] Read more.
We present an integrated single-photon detection device custom designed for quantum key distribution (QKD) with time-bin encoded single photons. We implemented and demonstrated a prototype photon-to-digital converter (PDC) that integrates an 8 × 8 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array with on-chip digital signal processing built in TSMC 65 nm CMOS. The prototype SPADs are used to validate the QKD functionalities with an array of time-to-digital converters (TDCs) to timestamp and process the photon detection events. The PDC uses window gating to reject noise counts and on-chip processing to sort the photon detections into respective time-bins. The PDC prototype achieved a 22.7 ps RMS timing resolution and demonstrated operation in a time-bin setup with 158 ps time-bins at an optical wavelength of 410 nm. This PDC can therefore be an important building block for a QKD receiver and enables compact and robust time-bin QKD systems with imaging detectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time-Resolved Single Photon Imagers and Their Applications)
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14 pages, 3289 KiB  
Article
Indirect Time-of-Flight with GHz Correlation Frequency and Integrated SPAD Reaching Sub-100 µm Precision in 0.35 µm CMOS
by Michael Hauser, Horst Zimmermann and Michael Hofbauer
Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052733 - 02 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1475
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to prove the suitability of integrated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based indirect time-of-flight (iTOF) for sub-100 µm precision depth sensing using a correlation approach with GHz modulation frequencies. For this purpose, a prototype containing a single pixel consisting [...] Read more.
The purpose of this work is to prove the suitability of integrated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based indirect time-of-flight (iTOF) for sub-100 µm precision depth sensing using a correlation approach with GHz modulation frequencies. For this purpose, a prototype containing a single pixel consisting of an integrated SPAD, quenching circuit, and two independent correlator circuits was fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process and characterized. It achieved a precision of 70 µm and a nonlinearity of less than 200 µm at a received signal power of less than 100 pW. Sub-mm precision was achieved with a signal power of less than 200 fW. These results and the simplicity of our correlation approach underline the great potential of SPAD-based iTOF for future depth sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time-Resolved Single Photon Imagers and Their Applications)
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