Heavy Metal Contamination and Exposure Risk Assessment via Drinking Groundwater

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2023) | Viewed by 5059

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Interests: health risk assessments due to natural radiation dose from the environment; heavy-ion radiation damage studies in track recorders and assessment of radiation dose due to building materials; radiation-induced modifications in polymeric track detectors; physico-chemical investigations and the estimation of uranium and other heavy toxic metals in drinking water samples for health risk assessments

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heavy metal contamination of the groundwater through anthropogenic activities is a major problem and has become a global cause of concern. The main heavy metals emitted into the atmosphere by human activities are Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Molybdenum (Mo), Cobalt (Co), Antimony (Sb), Tin (Sn), Chromium (Cr), Selenium (Se), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg) And Cadmium (Cd). Some of these are toxic even at very low concentrations. Not only does it pose degradation of the quality of groundwater, but all the beings who depend on this contaminated water have started to face various health effects. So, there is an immediate need of proper assessment and analysis of these heavy metals. Many of the recent works on the check of groundwater quality around the globe especially in the developing countries have reported the contamination of groundwater sources. The effluent released from the industries is released sometimes directly into the water sources, leading to an immediate contamination of water. If this water is used by humans without any treatment, the risk of bad health and toxicity increases. Keeping in view of all these factors, this special issue will bring out the actual levels of contamination in the groundwater and also be helpful in assessment of health risks to the people being exposed to these heavy metals.

Dr. Rohit Mehra
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • heavy metals
  • toxicity
  • health risk assessment
  • groundwater
  • water pollution
  • drinking water
  • anthropogenic sources
  • ICP-MS
  • AAS

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3548 KiB  
Article
Water Quality Index and Human Health Risk Assessment of Drinking Water in Selected Urban Areas of a Mega City
by Rab Nawaz, Iqra Nasim, Ali Irfan, Amjad Islam, Ayesha Naeem, Nadia Ghani, Muhammad Atif Irshad, Maria Latif, Badar Un Nisa and Riaz Ullah
Toxics 2023, 11(7), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070577 - 2 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3095
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water and assess the potential health hazards due to water contaminants in selected urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan. Water samples were collected from ten sites and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters including [...] Read more.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water and assess the potential health hazards due to water contaminants in selected urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan. Water samples were collected from ten sites and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters including turbidity, color, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates, fluoride, residual chlorine, and total hardness. Additionally, heavy metal (arsenic) and microbial parameters (E. coli) were also determined in the water samples. Drinking water quality evaluation indices, including the water quality index (WQI) for physico-chemical and biological parameters and human health risk assessment (HHRA) for heavy metal were estimated using the analytical results of the target parameters. It was found in most of the areas that the levels of arsenic, fluoride, TDS, and residual chlorine were higher than those recommended by the National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In addition to the physico-chemical parameters, microbial content (E. coli) was also found in the drinking water samples of the selected areas. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that levels of target parameters in drinking water samples are significantly different between sampling sites. The WQI for all physico-chemical and microbial parameters indicated that drinking water in most of the areas was unfit and unsuitable (WQI > 100) for drinking purposes except for the water of Bhatti Gate and Chota Gaon Shahdara with a WQI of 87 and 91, respectively. Drinking water in these areas had a very poor WQI rating. According to HHRA, drinking water from the selected sites was found to be of high risk to children and adults. The carcinogenic risk of arsenic indicated that all samples were of high risk to both adults and children (4.60 and 4.37 × 10−3, respectively). Regular monitoring of drinking water quality is essential, and proactive measures must be implemented to ensure the treatment and availability of safe drinking water in urban areas. Full article
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Review

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51 pages, 4118 KiB  
Review
Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater Is Determined by Complex Interactions between Various Chemical and Biological Processes
by Zahid Hassan and Hans V. Westerhoff
Toxics 2024, 12(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010089 - 19 Jan 2024
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Abstract
At a great many locations worldwide, the safety of drinking water is not assured due to pollution with arsenic. Arsenic toxicity is a matter of both systems chemistry and systems biology: it is determined by complex and intertwined networks of chemical reactions in [...] Read more.
At a great many locations worldwide, the safety of drinking water is not assured due to pollution with arsenic. Arsenic toxicity is a matter of both systems chemistry and systems biology: it is determined by complex and intertwined networks of chemical reactions in the inanimate environment, in microbes in that environment, and in the human body. We here review what is known about these networks and their interconnections. We then discuss how consideration of the systems aspects of arsenic levels in groundwater may open up new avenues towards the realization of safer drinking water. Along such avenues, both geochemical and microbiological conditions can optimize groundwater microbial ecology vis-à-vis reduced arsenic toxicity. Full article
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