Adiponectin Gene Variant rs3774261, Effects on Lipid Profile and Adiponectin Levels after a High Polyunsaturated Fat Hypocaloric Diet with Mediterranean Pattern
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Clinical Investigation
2.2. Dietary Intervention
2.3. Biochemical Parameters
2.4. Genotyping ADIPOQ Gene
2.5. Anthropometric Parameters and Blood Pressure
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants and Dietary Intakes
3.2. Anthropometric Results
3.2.1. Biochemical Parameters
3.2.2. Adipokine Levels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AA (n = 117) | AG (n = 164) | AG (n = 80) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 time | At 12 weeks | 0 time | At 12 weeks | 0 time | At 12 weeks | p Time AA Time AG Time GG Basal Genotype 12 weeks Genotype | |
Age | 46.3 ± 4.1 | - | 47.3 ± 4.0 | - | 46.9 ± 2.3 | - | p = 0.46 Basal genotype |
Gender/male/female%) | 76.1/23.9% | - | 73.2/26.8% | - | 71.7/28.3% | - | p = 0.43 Basal genotype |
BMI | 37.9 ± 4.1 | 35.9 ± 3.8 * | 37.8 ± 4.0 | 36.1 ± 3.4 * | 38.0 ± 2.0 | 36.3 ± 2.9 * | p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.01 p = 0.46 p = 0.43 |
Weight (kg) | 96.4 ± 2.1 | 92.4 ± 3.0 * | 97.5 ± 2.1 | 93.1 ± 1.4 * | 97.3 ± 2.1 * | 93.4 ± 2.2 * | p = 0.01 p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.45 p = 0.11 |
Fat mass (kg) | 39.8 ± 2.1 | 36.4 ± 2.0 * | 39.7 ± 2.0 | 36.0 ± 2.1 * | 39.8 ± 2.0 * | 36.2 ± 1.1 * | p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.03 p = 0.39 p = 0.31 |
WC (cm) | 113.1 ± 7.0 | 109.2 ± 5.2 * | 113.4 ± 6.1 | 109.1 ± 4.1 * | 116.2 ± 4.0 * | 111.7 ± 3.9 * | p = 0.03 p = 0.04 p = 0.02 p = 0.35 p = 0.59 |
SB (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 5.1 | 123.2 ± 6.0 * | 127.8 ± 5.0 | 122.3 ± 4.1 * | 126.2 ± 4.0 * | 123.1 ± 3.1 * | p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.02 p = 0.33 p = 0.41 |
DB (mmHg) | 81.5 ± 4.1 | 79.3 ± 3.1 | 81.7 ± 5.1 | 79.1 ± 6.0 | 78.7 ± 4.1 | 78.7 ± 3.1 | p = 0.41 p = 0.42 p = 0.51 p = 0.49 p = 0.61 |
Energy intake (cal day) | 1739.2 ± 129.2 | 1439.1 ± 119.2 | 1801.7 ± 113.1 | 1503.1 ± 112.2 | 1718.9 ± 112.1 | 1489.1 ± 123.1 | p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.01 p = 0.48 p = 0.46 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 181.9 ± 14.1 | 159.1 ± 19.1 | 192.7 ± 13.2 | 148.1 ± 13.2 | 179.7 ± 11.1 | 149.1 ± 10.1 | p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.02 p = 0.41 p = 0.39 |
Fat (g/day) | 61.5 ± 4.1 | 53.3 ± 3.2 | 79.7 ± 4.1 | 50.1 ± 7.2 | 76.9 ± 3.9 | 49.9 ± 4.1 | p = 0.01 p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.33 p = 0.37 |
Protein (g/day) | 84.5 ± 5.1 | 75.1 ± 9.2 | 86.7 ± 2.1 | 76.2 ± 7.2 | 88.0 ± 2.1 | 77.1 ± 8.1 | p = 0.02 p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.60 p = 0.49 |
Monounsaturated fat (%) | 34.5% | 55.5% | 34.9% | 55.0% | 35.1% | 55.1% | p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.01 p = 0.37 p = 0.48 |
Polyunsaturated fat (%) | 13.4% | 22.7% | 13.8% | 22.0% | 14.0% | 23.0% | p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.04 p = 0.41 p = 0.42 |
Saturated fat (%) | 52.1% | 21.8% | 53.5% | 23.0% | 50.9% | 21.9% | p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.38 p = 0.43 |
Physical activity (min/week) | 121.1 ± 12.3 | 149.3 ± 21.1 | 123.1 ± 9.9 | 152.0 ± 23.2 | 122.1 ± 7.2 | 151.9 ± 18.1 | p = 0.11 p = 0.22 p = 0.34 p = 0.30 p = 0.33 |
AA (n = 117) | AG (n = 164) | AG (n = 80) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 time | At 12 weeks | 0 time | At 1 2 weeks | 0 time | At 12 weeks | p Time AA Time AG Time GG Basal Genotype 12 weeks Genotype | |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 102.1 ± 7.0 | 99.3 ± 7.1 | 101.5 ± 7.1 | 99.9 ± 5.1 | 101.1 ± 5.1 | 98.9 ± 4.1 | p = 0.16 p = 0.19 p = 0.30 p = 0.45 p = 0.34 |
Total ch. (mg/dL) | 204.1 ± 7.2 | 186.3 ± 4.2 * | 208.7 ± 3.5 | 196.7 ± 6.0 | 205.1 ± 3.1 | 194.3 ± 7.2 | p = 0.01 p = 0.22 p = 0.30 p = 0.41 p = 0.31 |
LDLch. (mg/dL) | 127.3 ± 6.1 | 110.3 ± 7.2 * | 129.1 ± 4.3 | 123.1 ± 8.2 | 127.1 ± 4.1 | 121.1 ± 9.1 | p = 0.01 p = 0.32 p = 0.31 p = 0.35 p = 0.51 |
HDL-ch. (mg/dL) | 52.8 ± 3.1 | 50.6 ± 4.0 | 51.9 ± 3.0 | 50.1 ± 2.1 | 52.3 ± 3.0 | 51.1 ± 3.1 | p = 0.21 p = 0.32 p = 0.39 p = 0.25 p = 0.41 |
TG (mg/dL) | 128.9 ± 11.1 | 93.1 ± 10.4 * | 131.1 ± 6.2 | 121.1 ± 10.8 | 129.8 ± 4.2 | 123.9 ± 9.3 | p = 0.03 p = 0.32 p = 0.30 p = 0.29 p = 0.31 |
Insulin (mUI/L) | 13.1 ± 2.0 | 9.4 ± 1.9 * | 13.3 ± 2.1 | 9.5 ± 1.1 * | 12.7 ± 3.0 | 9.1 ± 3.0 * | p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.01 p = 0.45 p = 0.39 |
HOMA-IR | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.3 * | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 * | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.9 * | p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.02 p = 0.35 p = 0.41 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.8 * | 5.0 ± 2.9 | 4.9 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 3.1 | 5.0 ± 3.2 | p = 0.01 p = 0.42 p = 0.41 p = 0.55 p = 0.19 |
AA (n = 117) | AG (n = 164) | AG (n = 80) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 time | At 12 weeks | 0 time | At 12 weeks | 0 time | At 12 weeks | p Time AA Time AG Time GG Basal Genotype 12 weeks genotype | |
Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 10.0 ± 3.1 | 21.6 ± 3.2 * | 12.3 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 4.7 | 12.0 ± 2.8 | 15.5 ± 4.2 | p = 0.01 p = 0.12 p = 0.31 p = 0.45 p = 0.11 |
Resistin (ng/mL) | 5.1 ± 2.0 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 5.2 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 3.9 | 5.1 ± 3.2 | p = 0.31 p = 0.32 p = 0.41 p = 0.45 p = 0.33 |
Leptin(ng/mL) | 49.1 ± 9.1 | 12.9 ± 7.3 * | 42.0 ± 7.1 | 22.1 ± 6.1 * | 46.8 ± 4.2 | 19.4 ± 4.1 * | p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.03 p = 0.41 p = 0.31 |
Ratio Adiponectin/leptin | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 * | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | p = 0.02 p = 0.33 p = 0.34 p = 0.41 p = 0.51 |
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de Luis Roman, D.A.; Primo, D.; IZaola, O.; Gómez, E.; López, J.J. Adiponectin Gene Variant rs3774261, Effects on Lipid Profile and Adiponectin Levels after a High Polyunsaturated Fat Hypocaloric Diet with Mediterranean Pattern. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061811
de Luis Roman DA, Primo D, IZaola O, Gómez E, López JJ. Adiponectin Gene Variant rs3774261, Effects on Lipid Profile and Adiponectin Levels after a High Polyunsaturated Fat Hypocaloric Diet with Mediterranean Pattern. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061811
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Luis Roman, Daniel Antonio, David Primo, Olatz IZaola, Emilia Gómez, and Juan Jose López. 2021. "Adiponectin Gene Variant rs3774261, Effects on Lipid Profile and Adiponectin Levels after a High Polyunsaturated Fat Hypocaloric Diet with Mediterranean Pattern" Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061811
APA Stylede Luis Roman, D. A., Primo, D., IZaola, O., Gómez, E., & López, J. J. (2021). Adiponectin Gene Variant rs3774261, Effects on Lipid Profile and Adiponectin Levels after a High Polyunsaturated Fat Hypocaloric Diet with Mediterranean Pattern. Nutrients, 13(6), 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061811