Comprehensive Study of Honey with Protected Denomination of Origin and Contribution to the Enhancement of Legal Specifications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Pollen Analyses
2.2. Colour Analysis
2.3. Physicochemical Analyses
Harvest (Year) | Parameters | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | Electrical Conductivity(mS·cm−1) | Ash (%) | HMF(mg·kg−1) | Diastase activity(Gothe Scale) | pH | Free acidity(meq·kg−1) | Reducing sugars (%) | Apparent sucrose (%) | ||
First (2009) | 15.94 ± 0.70 a(14.50–17.21) | 0.25 ± 0.07 b(0.13–0.36) | 0.12 ± 0.06 b(0.02–0.21) | 2.41 ± 1.45 b(1.31–7.02) | 14.04 ± 3.51 b(10.06–25.00) | 3.58 ± 0.14 a(3.32–3.81) | 25.58 ± 6.12 a(13.94–33.63) | 69.75 ± 4.19 a(63.71–76.89) | 4.59 ± 1.51 a(2.60–7.53) | |
Second (2010) | 16.28 ± 0.46 a(15.40–17.02) | 0.23 ± 0.06 b(0.15–0.36) | 0.10 ± 0.05 b(0.03–0.21) | 4.39 ± 2.64 a(2.63–13.84) | 15.09 ± 1.29 ab(13.59–19.17) | 3.25 ± 0.26 b(2.93–4.12) | 25.16 ± 5.69 a(15.12–38.22) | 66.96 ± 2.91 b(62.52–74.11) | 4.73 ± 1.61 a(2.44–8.12) | |
Third (2011) | 16.37 ± 0.70 a(15.41–18.11) | 0.29 ± 0.04 a(0.26–0.36) | 0.15 ± 0.03 a(0.12–0.21) | 3.61 ± 1.24 ab(1.71–7.28) | 16.95 ± 2.26 a(11.99–19.10) | 3.28 ± 0.25 b(2.97–3.64) | 28.28 ± 3.93 a(21.52–36.80) | 65.59 ± 2.08 b(60.21–68.57) | 4.54 ± 1.28 a(2.34–7.36) | |
p-value | 0.082 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.143 | <0.001 | 0.914 |
2.4. Microbiological Analyses
Harvest | Aerobic mesophiles (cfu·g−1) | Moulds and yeast (cfu·g−1) | Fecal coliforms (MPN) | Sulphite-reducing clostridia (in 0.01 g) | Salmonella (in 25 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | 38.20 ± 21.62 a | 24.05 ± 11.81 a | <1 | Negative | Negative |
Second | 37.45 ± 19.99 a | 30.95 ± 22.16 a | <1 | Negative | Negative |
Third | 37.45 ± 18.27 a | 27.45 ± 18.33 a | <1 | Negative | Negative |
p-value | 0.681 | 0.482 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
2.5. Multivariate Analysis
Wilks’ Lambda | Partial Lambda | F-remove(2,45) | p-level | Tolerance | 1-Tolerance(R2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Echium sp. | 0.000 | 0.847 | 4.054 | 0.240 | 0.561 | 0.439 |
Genista sp. | 0.000 | 0.693 | 9.962 | 0.002 | 0.836 | 0.164 |
Populus sp. | 0.000 | 0.714 | 9.008 | 0.005 | 0.158 | 0.842 |
Prunus sp. | 0.000 | 0.905 | 2.360 | 0.106 | 0.837 | 0.163 |
Rubus sp. | 0.000 | 0.962 | 0.898 | 0.415 | 0.476 | 0.524 |
Wilks’ Lambda | Partial Lambda | F-remove(2,53) | p-level | Tolerance | 1-Tolerance(R2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HMF | 0.485 | 0.633 | 15.349 | <0.001 | 0.472 | 0.528 |
Diastase activity | 0.332 | 0.924 | 2.188 | 0.122 | 0.795 | 0.205 |
pH | 0.338 | 0.908 | 2.673 | 0.0783 | 0.924 | 0.076 |
Free acidity | 0.383 | 0.802 | 6.562 | 0.003 | 0.861 | 0.139 |
Reducing sugars | 0.373 | 0.823 | 5.695 | 0.006 | 0.466 | 0.534 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals and Materials
3.2. Honey Samples
3.3. Pollen Analyses
3.4. Colour Analyses
3.5. Physicochemical Analyses
3.5.1. Moisture Content
3.5.2. Electrical Conductivity
3.5.3. Ash Content
3.5.4. pH
3.5.5. Free Acidity
3.5.6. Reducing Sugars and Apparent Sucrose
3.5.7. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
3.5.8. Diastase Activity
3.6. Microbiological Determinations
3.6.1. Sample Preparation
3.6.2. Enumeration of the Total Mesophilic Microorganisms
3.6.3. Enumeration of Yeast and Moulds
3.6.4. Sulphite Reducing Clostridium Spores
3.6.5. Fecal Coliforms and Escherichia Coli
3.6.6. Salmonella
3.6.7. Staphylococcus Aureus
3.7. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Iglesias, A.; Feás, X.; Rodrigues, S.; Seijas, J.A.; Vázquez-Tato, M.P.; Dias, L.G.; Estevinho, L.M. Comprehensive Study of Honey with Protected Denomination of Origin and Contribution to the Enhancement of Legal Specifications. Molecules 2012, 17, 8561-8577. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078561
Iglesias A, Feás X, Rodrigues S, Seijas JA, Vázquez-Tato MP, Dias LG, Estevinho LM. Comprehensive Study of Honey with Protected Denomination of Origin and Contribution to the Enhancement of Legal Specifications. Molecules. 2012; 17(7):8561-8577. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078561
Chicago/Turabian StyleIglesias, Antonio, Xesus Feás, Sandra Rodrigues, Julio A. Seijas, M. Pilar Vázquez-Tato, Luís G. Dias, and Leticia M. Estevinho. 2012. "Comprehensive Study of Honey with Protected Denomination of Origin and Contribution to the Enhancement of Legal Specifications" Molecules 17, no. 7: 8561-8577. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078561