Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Films Incorporated with Carvacrol
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Microstructural Characterization
2.2. Solubility
Films | Thickness
(mm) | Solubility
(%) | WVP
(g-mm/m2-h-kPa) | TS
(MPa) | % E | EM
(MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | 0.116 ± 0.002 a | 54.57 ± 0.25 a | 1.44 ± 0.04 a | 10.169 ± 0.78 a | 8.447 ± 0.19 a | 3.958 ± 0.96 a |
CF-CAR 0.5% | 0.111 ± 0.006 a | 31.25 ± 0.69 b | 1.09 ± 0.04 b | 7.596 ± 1.02 b | 5.474 ± 0.45 b | 2.886 ± 0.41 b |
CF-CAR 1.0% | 0.108 ± 0.002 a | 37.63 ± 0.20 c | 1.08 ± 0.02 b | 6.384 ± 0.36 c | 4.563 ± 0.44 c | 2.638 ± 0.46 b |
CF-CAR 1.5% | 0.112 ± 0.003 a | 39.49 ± 0.82 c | 1.13 ± 0.01 b | 7.821 ± 0.53 b | 5.820 ± 0.36 b | 3.012 ± 0.52 a |
2.3. Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
2.4. Mechanical Properties
2.5. Optical Properties
Films | L* | a* | b* | WI |
---|---|---|---|---|
CF | 59.47 ± 0.14 a | −1.30 ± 0.01 a | 14.69 ± 0.19 a | 70.44 ± 0.23 a |
CF-CAR 0.5% | 52.59 ± 1.27 b | −0.45 ± 0.04 a | 10.09 ± 0.19 b | 68.44 ± 0.23 b |
CF-CAR 1.0% | 54.05 ± 0.18 c | −1.42 ± 0.01 b | 12.91 ± 0.01 c | 69.52 ± 0.40 c |
CF-CAR 1.5% | 53.07 ± 0.10 b | −1.37 ± 0.13 b | 10.02 ± 0.70 b | 69.19 ± 0.02 c |
Films | Waveslength (nm) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
200 | 280 | 350 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | Transparency Values | |
CF | 0.0011 | 0.8125 | 1.41 | 14.65 | 27.80 | 31.68 | 33.50 | 34.36 | 2.49 ± 0.001 a |
CF-CAR 0.5% | 0.0007 | 0.0019 | 5.40 | 17.30 | 30.81 | 35.46 | 38.40 | 40.40 | 2.54 ± 0.001 b |
CF-CAR 1% | 0.0006 | 0.0018 | 1.70 | 10.23 | 24.19 | 28.08 | 29.90 | 31.00 | 2.45 ± 0.002 c |
CF-CAR 1.5% | 0.0007 | 0.0019 | 2.90 | 13.27 | 25.48 | 28.07 | 29.31 | 29.94 | 2.44 ± 0.001 c |
2.6. Quantification of CAR Incorporated in CF
2.7. Antibacterial Activity
Films | Inhibition Zone * (mm) | |
---|---|---|
S. typhimurium | E. coli O157:H7 | |
CF | <8.0 | <8.0 |
CF-CAR 0.5% (0.7592 g df) | <8.0 | <8.0 |
CF-CAR 1.0% (0.8206 g df) | 9.8 ± 0.14 | <8.0 |
CF-CAR 1.5% (0.8700 g df) | 11.7 ± 0.10 | 9.8 ± 0.16 |
2.8. Antioxidant Capacity
2.8.1. Radical Scavenging Capacity Using the DPPH Method
2.8.2. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
2.8.3. Evaluation of the Protective Effect on Human Erythrocytes
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Chitosan
3.3. Preparation of CF with Incorporation of CAR
3.4. Thickness
3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.6. Water Solubility
3.7. Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
3.8. Mechanical Properties
3.9. Optical Properties
3.10. Measurement of CAR Retained in Films by HPLC
3.11. Antibacterial Activity
3.12. Antioxidant Capacity
3.12.1. Radical Scavenging Capacity Using DPPH Method
3.12.2. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
3.12.3. Evaluation of Protective Effect on Human Erythrocytes
3.13. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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López-Mata, M.A.; Ruiz-Cruz, S.; Silva-Beltrán, N.P.; Ornelas-Paz, J.D.J.; Zamudio-Flores, P.B.; Burruel-Ibarra, S.E. Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Films Incorporated with Carvacrol. Molecules 2013, 18, 13735-13753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113735
López-Mata MA, Ruiz-Cruz S, Silva-Beltrán NP, Ornelas-Paz JDJ, Zamudio-Flores PB, Burruel-Ibarra SE. Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Films Incorporated with Carvacrol. Molecules. 2013; 18(11):13735-13753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113735
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Mata, Marco A., Saul Ruiz-Cruz, Norma P. Silva-Beltrán, José De Jesús Ornelas-Paz, Paul B. Zamudio-Flores, and Silvia E. Burruel-Ibarra. 2013. "Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Films Incorporated with Carvacrol" Molecules 18, no. 11: 13735-13753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113735