Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities for Two Romanian Subspecies of Achillea distans Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. HPLC Analysis of Polyphenols
Polyphenolic compounds | m/z value | tR ± SD (min) | Achillea distans subsp. distans | Achillea distans subsp. alpina |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caffeic acid | 179 | 5.60 ± 0.04 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
Chlorogenic acid | 353 | 5.62 ± 0.05 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
Hyperoside | 463 | 18.60 ± 0.12 | NF | 2.05 ± 0.10 |
Isoquercitrin | 463 | 19.60 ± 0.10 | NF | <0.2 |
Rutin | 609 | 20.20 ± 0.15 | NF | <0.2 |
Quercetin | 301 | 26.80 ± 0.15 | 1.44 ± 0.06 | 1.11 ± 0.09 |
Luteolin | 285 | 29.10 ± 0.19 | 763.12 ± 1.88 | 52.65 ± 0.85 |
Apigenin | 279 | 33.10 ± 0.15 | 264.84 ± 1.16 | 13.47 ± 0.53 |
Peak no. | Phenolic compounds | m/z | tR ± SD (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Caftaric acid | 311 | 3.54 ± 0.05 |
2. | Gentisic acid | 179 | 6.52 ± 0.04 |
3. | Caffeic acid | 179 | 5.60 ± 0.04 |
4. | Chlorogenic acid | 353 | 5.62 ± 0.05 |
5. | p-Coumaric acid | 163 | 9.48 ± 0.08 |
6. | Ferulic acid | 193 | 12.8 ± 0.10 |
7. | Sinapic acid | 223 | 15.00 ± 0.10 |
8. | Cichoric acid | 473 | 15.96 ± 0.13 |
9. | Hyperoside | 463 | 18.60 ± 0.12 |
10. | Isoquercitrin | 463 | 19.60 ± 0.10 |
11. | Rutin | 609 | 20.20 ± 0.15 |
12. | Myricetin | 317 | 21.13 ± 0.12 |
13. | Fisetin | 285 | 22.91 ± 0.15 |
14. | Quercitrin | 447 | 23.64 ± 0.13 |
15. | Quercetin | 301 | 26.80 ± 0.15 |
16. | Patuletin | 331 | 29.41 ± 0.12 |
17. | Luteolin | 285 | 29.10 ± 0.19 |
18. | Kaempferol | 285 | 32.48 ± 0.17 |
19. | Apigenin | 279 | 33.10 ± 0.15 |
2.2. Polyphenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Extracts
Samples | TPC (mg GAE/g plant material) | Flavonoids (mg RE/g plant material) |
---|---|---|
A. distans subsp. distans | 101.61 ± 1.24 | 37.26 ± 0.71 |
A. distans subsp. alpina | 174.75 ± 1.47 | 33.18 ± 0.60 |
2.3. Antioxidant Activity
Samples | DPPH (% decolorization) | IC50 (µg·mL−1) | TEAC (µmol Trolox/mg plant material) | HAPX (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. distans subsp. distans | 52.73 ± 0.77 | 204.85 ± 2.93 | 42.14 ± 0.48 | 4.91 ± 1.24 |
A. distans subsp. alpina | 93 ± 1.47 | 83.80 ± 1.20 | 46.72 ± 0.35 | 10.27 ± 1.81 |
Quercetin | - | 5.60 ± 0.35 | - | - |
BHT | - | 16 ± 0.54 | - | - |
2.4. Antibacterial Activity
Samples | Inhibition zone in diameter (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus | Listeria monocytogenes | Escherichia coli | Salmonella typhymurium | |
A. distans subsp. distans | 13.0 ± 0.05 | 17.0 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 0.05 | 7.0 ± 0.00 |
A. distans subsp. alpina | 12.0 ± 0.07 | 12.0 ± 0.00 | 8.0 ± 0.05 | 6.0 ± 0.02 |
Gentamicin | 19 ± 0.05 | 18 ± 0.1 | 22 ± 0.00 | 18 ± 0.05 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material and Extraction Procedure
3.2. Chemicals
3.3. HPLC/MS Analysis
3.3.1. Apparatus and Chromatographic Conditions
3.3.2. Identification and Quantification of Polyphenols
3.4. Determination of Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Content
3.5. Antioxidant Activity Test
3.5.1. DPPH• Radical Scavenging Assay
3.5.2. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Assay
3.5.3. Hemoglobin/Ascorbate Peroxidase Activity Inhibition (HAPX) Assay
3.5.4. EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy Method
3.6. Antibacterial Activity Test
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Benedec, D.; Vlase, L.; Oniga, I.; Mot, A.C.; Damian, G.; Hanganu, D.; Duma, M.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R. Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities for Two Romanian Subspecies of Achillea distans Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. Molecules 2013, 18, 8725-8739. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18088725
Benedec D, Vlase L, Oniga I, Mot AC, Damian G, Hanganu D, Duma M, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R. Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities for Two Romanian Subspecies of Achillea distans Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. Molecules. 2013; 18(8):8725-8739. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18088725
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenedec, Daniela, Laurian Vlase, Ilioara Oniga, Augustin C. Mot, Grigore Damian, Daniela Hanganu, Mihaela Duma, and Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu. 2013. "Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities for Two Romanian Subspecies of Achillea distans Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd." Molecules 18, no. 8: 8725-8739. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18088725