Celastrol Protects against Antimycin A-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effects of AMA and Celastrol Treatment on Cell Viability (Dose and Time-Dependent)
2.2. Celastrol Increased Glucose Uptake in Insulin-Resistant Myotubes through the PI3K/Akt Pathway
2.3. Celastrol Improves Mitochondrial Activity and Energy Production in AMA-Induced Insulin-Resistant Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
2.4. Celastrol Attenuates Oxidative Stress in AMA-Treated Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
2.5. Celastrol Affects Mitochondrial Dynamics via Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission in AMA-Treated Skeletal Muscle Cells
2.6. Effect of Celastrol on the Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β in AMA-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
2.7. Effect of AMA and Celastrol on NF-κB and IκBα Expression Protein Activity
2.8. Effects of Celastrol on Protein Expression of Insulin Signaling Pathways and GLUT4 in AMA-Treated Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
2.9. Celastrol-Regulated pAMPK Expression and Inhibition of PKC θ in AMA-Treated Skeletal Muscle Cells
2.10. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Cell Culture
3.2. AMA and Celastrol Treatment
3.3. Assessment of Cell Viability
3.4. Glucose Uptake Assay
3.5. Mitochondrial Superoxide Production
3.6. Intracellular ATP Concentration
3.7. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm)
3.8. Citrate Synthase Activity
3.9. Measurement of DNA Oxidative Damage, Protein Carbonylation and Lipid Peroxidation
3.10. Cytokine ELISA for IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β
3.11. Western Immunoblotting
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abu Bakar, M.H.; Cheng, K.-K.; Sarmidi, M.R.; Yaakob, H.; Huri, H.Z. Celastrol Protects against Antimycin A-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules 2015, 20, 8242-8269. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058242
Abu Bakar MH, Cheng K-K, Sarmidi MR, Yaakob H, Huri HZ. Celastrol Protects against Antimycin A-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules. 2015; 20(5):8242-8269. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058242
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbu Bakar, Mohamad Hafizi, Kian-Kai Cheng, Mohamad Roji Sarmidi, Harisun Yaakob, and Hasniza Zaman Huri. 2015. "Celastrol Protects against Antimycin A-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells" Molecules 20, no. 5: 8242-8269. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058242