A Review of Extraction and Analysis of Bioactives in Oat and Barley and Scope for Use of Novel Food Processing Technologies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Total Production’000 tons | Area’000 hectares | Average Yield tons/hectare | |
---|---|---|---|
Oats | 8083 | 2536 | 3.1 |
Barley | 67,050 | 12,398 | 5.4 |
2. β-Glucan
3. Phenolic Compounds
3.1. Phenolic Acids
3.2. Avenanthramides
Avenanthramide | Collin’s Nomenclature | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1p | D | H | H | H | H |
1c | H | OH | H | H | |
1f | E | H | OCH3 | H | H |
2p | A | OH | H | H | H |
2c | C | OH | OH | H | H |
2f | B | OH | OCH3 | H | H |
3f | OH | OCH3 | H | OCH3 |
3.3. Flavonoid
4. Lipids
4.1. Phospholipids
4.2. Phytosterols
4.3. Tocols
R1 | R2 | |
---|---|---|
α | CH3 | CH3 |
β | CH3 | H |
γ | H | CH3 |
δ | H | H |
5. Proteins and Bioactive Peptides
Phytochemical | Source | Extraction Solvent/Technique Used | Bioactivity | Commercial Availability |
---|---|---|---|---|
β-glucan | Barley | 4% 1 M NaOH [27]; Water at 55 °C and pH 7.0 [32]; Pressurized hot water extraction at 155 °C, 18 min and 50 bar [91] | Lowers cholesterol [92] reducing the chances of coronary and ischemic heart disease. Lowers glycaemic index and postprandial glucose levels [93]. | Barley β-glucan is available as Glucagel®, PromOat®, Glucan 300® |
Oat | Ethanol reflux followed by extraction with a sodium carbonate solution at pH 10 [26]. | |||
Phenolic acids (PA) | Barley | Free phenolics—Acetone/water (4/1) [51,94]; ethanol/water (4/1) [51]; pressurized liquid extraction [61]. Bound phenolics—20 h prolonged alkaline hydrolysis [51]; Acid hydrolysis [53]; Sequential acid, α amylase and cellulose hydrolysis [55] | PA act as antioxidants and protect against the destructive activity of free radicals. They reduce the risk of chronic age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and ageing, by reducing oxidative stress [95]. PA bound to dietary fiber may prevent cancer of the colon [96]. | Green tea extracts rich in phenolic acids are available as Bulk Powders® and Super Green Tea Diet® |
Oat | Free phenolics—Methanol [97], Methanol/water (4/1) [52]; Acetone/water (1/1) [95]; 80% ethanol [46,57]; Bound phenolics—Alkaline hydrolysis [52], acid hydrolysis [52,53] | |||
Avenanthramides (AV) | Oat | 80% methanol [56,98]; 80% ethanol [57,58]. | AV are bioavailable and act as antioxidants by inhibiting LDL oxidation in synergy with Vitamin C [99]. They demonstrate anti-allergic activities. | |
Flavonoid | Barley | 40% ethanol [100] | Proanthocyanidins have ferrous chelating activity and influence the bioavailability of iron in the body [101]. Tricin shows chemopreventive effects against breast and colon cancer cells [102]. | Citrus flavonoids are available as Citrus Bioflavonoid Caps® and a similar product from soy is available as Phytosoya®, SoyChoice® |
Oat | Free flavonoids—80% ethanol [103]; Bound flavonoids—Digestion using NaOH, followed by acidification, removal of lipids using hexane and further extraction using ethyl acetate [103]. | |||
Tocols | Barley | Extraction with methanol, followed by drying and extraction using hexane [79]; Saponification using KOH, ethanol, NaCl and pyrogallol at 70 °C for 25 min. This is followed by cooling on ice bath and extraction using hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1) [76,77]. | Tocols are generically known as Vitamin E and exhibit antioxidant activity. Tocotrienols demonstrate reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in vivo [104]. | |
Oat | Extraction techniques used are same as those for barley [76,79,81]. | |||
Proteins | Barley | Alkaline extraction using NaOH and addition of HCl at pH 4.6 for precipitation of protein [105]; A peptide lunasin has been isolated from barley with phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail, followed by column and immunoaffinity chromatography [89]. | Hydrolyzed peptides from barley proteins have demonstrated anti-oxidant, antihypertensive and anti-diabetic effects in vitro [105]. The peptide lunasin is a cancer preventive agent and is bioavailable [89]. Hydrolysates from oat proteins demonstrate ACE-I enzyme inhibitory activity in vitro [88]. | Milk derived peptides is available as Calpis® and a sardine fish derived peptide product is available as Valtyron®, (Source—Fish) Valtyron® |
Oat | Alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation [88]. |
6. Novel Processing Technologies
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gangopadhyay, N.; Hossain, M.B.; Rai, D.K.; Brunton, N.P. A Review of Extraction and Analysis of Bioactives in Oat and Barley and Scope for Use of Novel Food Processing Technologies. Molecules 2015, 20, 10884-10909. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200610884
Gangopadhyay N, Hossain MB, Rai DK, Brunton NP. A Review of Extraction and Analysis of Bioactives in Oat and Barley and Scope for Use of Novel Food Processing Technologies. Molecules. 2015; 20(6):10884-10909. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200610884
Chicago/Turabian StyleGangopadhyay, Nirupama, Mohammad B. Hossain, Dilip K. Rai, and Nigel P. Brunton. 2015. "A Review of Extraction and Analysis of Bioactives in Oat and Barley and Scope for Use of Novel Food Processing Technologies" Molecules 20, no. 6: 10884-10909. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200610884