The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts in Attenuating RANKL-Induced Osteoclastic Differentiation by Inhibiting ROS Generation and c-FOS/NFATc1 Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Quantitative HPLC Analysis of Anthocyanin Compounds from Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts
2.2. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Yields of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts
2.3. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts
2.4. ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts
2.5. Determination of Reducing Power Activity of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts
2.6. Effects of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts on Intracellular ROS Generation
2.7. Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts Inhibit RANKL Induced Osteoclastic Differentiation
2.8. Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts Inhibit MAP Kinase Activation in RANKL-Induced Osteoclasts
2.9. Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts Inhibit RANKL-Induced NF-κB Activation and Its Nuclear Translocation
2.10. Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts Suppress Transcription Factor c-Fos and NFATc1 Expression in RANKL-Induced Osteoclasts
2.11. Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts Reduce Osteoclast Specific Gene Expression in RANKL-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Materials
4.2. Preparation of Extracts
4.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
4.4. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
4.5. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
4.6. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
4.7. ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity
4.8. Determination of Reducing Power
4.9. Cell Culture
4.10. Cell Viability Analysis
4.11. Determination of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
4.12. Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) Activity
4.13. Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) Staining
4.14. Preparation of Total Cell Extracts and Immunoblot Analysis
4.15. Statistical Analysis
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Peak | Compound | Content (mg/g) | |
---|---|---|---|
AM-DW | AM-EtOH | ||
1 | Cyanidin-3-galactoside | 4.7131 | 9.9636 |
2 | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 0.4560 | 0.9497 |
3 | Cyanidin-3-arabinoside | 1.2700 | 3.5179 |
4 | Cyanidin-3-xyloside | 0.1860 | 1.1423 |
Extract | Total Phenolic (mg GAE †/100 g of Dry Mass) | Total Flavonoid (mg CE ‡/100 g of Dry Mass) | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|
AM-DW | 2617.25 ± 14.96 | 2004.99 ± 26.87 | 62.85 |
AM-EtOH | 4004.46 ± 49.21 | 3896.11 ± 13.74 | 64.30 |
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Ghosh, M.; Kim, I.S.; Lee, Y.M.; Hong, S.M.; Lee, T.H.; Lim, J.H.; Debnath, T.; Lim, B.O. The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts in Attenuating RANKL-Induced Osteoclastic Differentiation by Inhibiting ROS Generation and c-FOS/NFATc1 Signaling. Molecules 2018, 23, 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030615
Ghosh M, Kim IS, Lee YM, Hong SM, Lee TH, Lim JH, Debnath T, Lim BO. The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts in Attenuating RANKL-Induced Osteoclastic Differentiation by Inhibiting ROS Generation and c-FOS/NFATc1 Signaling. Molecules. 2018; 23(3):615. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030615
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhosh, Mithun, In Sook Kim, Young Min Lee, Seong Min Hong, Taek Hwan Lee, Ji Hong Lim, Trishna Debnath, and Beong Ou Lim. 2018. "The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Extracts in Attenuating RANKL-Induced Osteoclastic Differentiation by Inhibiting ROS Generation and c-FOS/NFATc1 Signaling" Molecules 23, no. 3: 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030615