Novel Hydroxy- and Epoxy-cis-Jasmone and Dihydrojasmone Derivatives Affect the Foraging Activity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Synthesis
2.2. Aphid Behavioral Studies
2.2.1. Aphid Settling
2.2.2. Aphid Behavior during Probing in Plant Tissues
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Compounds
3.1.1. Microorganisms
3.1.2. Analysis
3.2. Aphid Behavioral Studies
3.2.1. Cultures of Aphids and Plants
3.2.2. Application of Compounds
3.2.3. Aphid Settling
3.2.4. Aphid Probing Behavior
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available currently. However, they may be provided upon request from the authors. |
EPG Parameter/Compound | C | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Aspects of Aphid Probing Behavior | |||||
n = 17 | n = 16 | n = 12 | n = 14 | n = 22 | |
Total duration of np a (h) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.6 * | 2.8 ± 0.7 * | 1.5 ± 0.6 * | 1.2 ± 0.3 *,† |
Total duration of pathway (h) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.4 |
Total duration of phloem phase (h) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.5 * | 1.7 ± 0.6 * | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.5 |
Phloem phase index b | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 * | 0.3 ± 0.1 * | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 † |
Number of probes | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 21.4 ± 3.0 * | 34.3 ± 7.0 * | 19.9 ± 3.9 * | 22.0 ± 4.1 * |
Mean duration of a probe (min) | 70.8 ± 13.9 | 13.2 ± 2.4 * | 9.1 ± 1.7 * | 19.6 ± 3.3 * | 18.4 ± 2.8 * |
Mean duration of np intervals c | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 1.8 | 4.6 ± 1.4 *,† | 4.7 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 0.5 † |
Activities in Non-Phloem Tissues before the First Phloem Phase | |||||
n = 17 | n = 16 | n = 12 | n = 14 | n = 22 | |
Number of probes | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 8.8 ± 2.6 * | 20.1 ± 5.0 * | 4.7 ± 0.8 * | 10.5 ± 2.5 * |
Duration of first probe (min) | 249.1 ± 54.5 | 10.6 ± 5.1 * | 8.1 ± 4.0 * | 29.9 ± 16.5 * | 10.3 ± 4.9 * |
Time from first probe to first phloem phase(h) | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 |
Time from first probe to first sustained sap ingestion phase E2 > 10 min (h) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 * | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.5 † |
Total duration of np (min) c | 8.5 ± 3.6 | 107.5 ± 40.6 * | 101.4 ± 46.3 * | 36.5 ± 27.7 | 26.3 ± 8.5 * |
Mean duration of np intervals (min)c | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 11.0 ± 3.6 | 4.8 ± 1.7 *,† | 6.6 ± 4.9 | 2.5 ± 0.5 |
Activities in Sieve Elements B | |||||
Duration of first phloem phase (min) | 160.2 ± 47.6 | 60.8 ± 31.9 | 57.8 ± 44.7 | 100.7 ± 41.4 | 149.8 ± 33.0 † |
n = 16 | n = 12 | n = 8 | n = 13 | n = 21 | |
Duration of first sap ingestion phase (min) | 159.7 ± 47.6 | 63.3 ± 31.4 | 92.2 ± 51.6 | 110.5 ± 43.7 | 156.5 ± 33.7 † |
n = 16 | n = 12 | n = 8 | n = 12 | n = 20 | |
Mean duration of sap ingestion (min) | 175.8 ± 44.9 | 81.0 ± 30.0 | 101.0 ± 50.3 | 107.9 ± 39.7 | 162.7 ± 31.7 |
n = 16 | n = 12 | n = 8 | n = 12 | n = 20 | |
Phloem salivation index d | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.0 * | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
n = 16 | n = 12 | n = 8 | n = 13 | n = 21 |
EPG Parameter/Compound | C | 2 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General aspects of aphid probing behaviour | |||||||
n = 17 | n = 15 | n = 14 | n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 11 | n = 18 | |
Total duration of np a (h) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.8 * | 1.5 ± 0.4 * | 1.6 ± 0.4 * | 1.6 ± 0.4 * | 2.0 ± 0.8 * | 1.3 ± 0.5 * |
Total duration of pathway (h) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.7 † | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.4 † | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.5 |
Total duration of phloem phase (h) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.7 |
Phloem phase index b | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
Number of probes | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 12.3 ± 2.8 * | 23.4 ± 4.2 *,† | 16.5 ± 3.3 * | 28.0 ± 6.2 *,† | 26.0 ± 5.2 *,† | 19.1 ± 3.6 * |
Mean duration of a probe (min) | 70.8 ± 13.9 | 26.5 ± 5.7 * | 16.7 ± 3.1 *,† | 23.3 ± 4.4 * | 13.7 ± 2.3 *,† | 13.8 ± 2.8 *,† | 20.9 ± 3.9 *,† |
Mean duration of np intervals c | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 13.2 ± 4.7 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 0.8 *,† | 3.7 ± 1.6 *,† | 3.7 ± 1.0 |
Activities in non-phloem tissues before 1st phloem phase | |||||||
n = 17 | n = 15 | n = 14 | n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 11 | n = 18 | |
Number of probes | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 2.5 * | 14.7 ± 3.4 * | 7.2 ± 1.6 * | 6.5 ± 1.5 * | 14.0 ± 4.6 * | 10.3 ± 2.6 * |
Duration of first probe (min) | 249.1 ± 54.5 | 37.4 ± 25.9 * | 34.6 ± 30.0 * | 8.3 ± 5.7 * | 16.9 ± 8.2 * | 5.6 ± 2.7 * | 66.7 ± 36.1 * |
Time from first probe to first phloem phase(h) | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.6 |
Time from first probe to first sustained sap ingestion phase E2> 10 min (h) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 0.7 |
Total duration of np (min) c | 8.5 ± 3.6 | 119.1 ± 49.6 * | 69.2 ± 27.7 * | 17.5 ± 4.9 * | 13.2 ± 6.0 | 56.0 ± 36.4 * | 44.2 ± 24.0 * |
Mean duration of np intervals (min) c | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 16.7 ± 6.8 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.7 *,† | 4.0 ± 2.6 *,† | 4.3 ± 1.8 *,† |
Activities in sieve elements A | |||||||
Duration of first phloem phase (min) | 160.2 ± 47.6 | 124.4 ± 49.5 | 131.0 ± 53.0 | 160.5 ± 42.8 | 38.7 ± 17.1 | 80.3 ± 53.1 | 211.6 ± 50.0 |
n = 16 | n = 11 | n = 11 | n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 8 | n = 16 | |
Duration of first sap ingestion phase (min) | 159.7 ± 47.6 | 161.2 ± 53.3 | 132.8 ± 58.5 | 170.6 ± 44.7 | 60.0 ± 24.8 | 108.4 ± 58.2 | 211.4 ± 49.8 |
n = 16 | n = 11 | n = 10 | n = 13 | n = 15 | n = 7 | n = 16 | |
Mean duration of sap ingestion (min) | 175.8 ± 44.9 | 167.6 ± 45.0 | 151.5 ± 55.7 | 164.3 ± 45.3 | 68.2 ± 22.3 * | 135.8 ± 56.4 | 224.7 ± 47.2 |
n = 16 | n = 11 | n = 10 | n = 13 | n = 15 | n = 7 | n = 16 | |
Phloem salivation index d | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 † | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
n = 16 | n = 11 | n = 11 | n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 8 | n = 17 |
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Paprocka, M.; Gliszczyńska, A.; Dancewicz, K.; Gabryś, B. Novel Hydroxy- and Epoxy-cis-Jasmone and Dihydrojasmone Derivatives Affect the Foraging Activity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Molecules 2018, 23, 2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092362
Paprocka M, Gliszczyńska A, Dancewicz K, Gabryś B. Novel Hydroxy- and Epoxy-cis-Jasmone and Dihydrojasmone Derivatives Affect the Foraging Activity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Molecules. 2018; 23(9):2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092362
Chicago/Turabian StylePaprocka, Marlena, Anna Gliszczyńska, Katarzyna Dancewicz, and Beata Gabryś. 2018. "Novel Hydroxy- and Epoxy-cis-Jasmone and Dihydrojasmone Derivatives Affect the Foraging Activity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)" Molecules 23, no. 9: 2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092362