In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives on Several Species of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Organic Acids and Their Derivatives
2.2. Organic Acids and Their Derivatives Against G− Bacteria
2.3. Organic Acids and Their Derivatives Against G+ Bacteria
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Organic Acids and Their Derivatives
4.2. Tested Bacterial Strains
4.3. MIC Assays of G- Bacteria
4.4. MIC Assays of G+ Bacteria
4.5. Assay of Bacterial Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Drugs
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Compound | Form | Chemical Formula | Chemical Structure | Gravity, g/mL | Tested Concentration, mg/L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Butyric acid | Liquid | C4H8O2 | | 0.94 | 10, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500 |
Valeric acid | Liquid | C5H10O2 | | 0.92 | 10, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500 |
Sodium formate | Solid | NaHCOO | | ND 2 | 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 10,000, 12,500, 15,000, 17,500, 20,000, 25,000 |
ProPhorce 1 | Liquid | NaHCOO CH2O2 | - | 1.36 | 10, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 10,000 |
Propionate glycerides 3 | Liquid | C6H12O4 | | 1.30 | 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 5000, 7500, 10,000, 25,000 |
Butyrate glycerides 3 | Liquid | C7H14O4 | | 1.03 | 10, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 5000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, 25,000, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000 |
Valerate glycerides 3 | Liquid | C8H16O4 | | 1.01 | 10, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 5000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, 25,000 |
Monolaurin | Solid | C15H30O4 | | ND | 10, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 5000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, 25,000 |
Escherichia coli | Escherichia coli | Salmonella enterica Typhimurium | Salmonella enterica Typhimurium | Campylobacter jejuni | Campylobacter jejuni | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | ATCC 25922 | F18 | ATCC 14028 | ID# 4286 | ATCC 33560 | Campy 8DLIS D12-1 |
Butyric acid | 2300 (±250) | 2500 (±0) | 2500 (±0) | 2300 (±250) | 800 (±300) | 500 (±0) |
Valeric acid | 2700 (±400) | 2800 (±400) | 2700 (±300) | 2600 (±200) | 500 (±0) | 700 (±300) |
Sodium formate | >20,000 | >20,000 | >20,000 | >20,000 | 2000 (±0) | 2000 (±0) |
ProPhorce 1 | 2000 (±0) | 2200 (±700) | 2200 (±700) | 2200 (±700) | 700 (±300) | 1000 (±0) |
Propionate glycerides | >10,000 | >10,000 | >10,000 | ≥10,000 | ≥10,000 | >10,000 |
Butyrate glycerides | 15,000 (±0) | 10,000 (±0) | 11,700 (±2400) | 10,000 (±0) | >50,000 a | 10,000 (±0) |
Valerate glycerides | 6700 (±2400) | 5000 (±0) | 10,000 (±5000) | 15,000 (±0) | 2500 (±1300) | 3700 (±900) |
Monolaurin | 10,000 (±0) | 10,000 (±0) | 10,000 (±0) | 10,000 (±0) | 600 (±100) | 5000 (±0) |
Antimicrobial Drug | Range of Concentrations (mg/L) | Escherichia coli | Escherichia coli | Salmonella enterica Typhimurium | Salmonella enterica Typhimurium | Campylobacter jejuni | Campylobacter jejuni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATCC 25922 | F18 | ATCC 14028 | ID# 4286 | ATCC 33560 | Campy 8DLIS D12-1 | ||
Amikacin | 8–32 | ORC | S | ORC | ORC | NA | NA |
Piperacillin/tazobactam constant 4 | 8/4–128/4 | R | S | R | R | NA | NA |
Tigecycline | 1–8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid constant 2 | 8/2–64/2 | IR | S | ORC | IR | NA | NA |
Levofloxacin | 1–8 | R | R | R | R | NA | NA |
Nitrofurantoin | 32–64 | ORC | S | ORC | ORC | NA | NA |
Tetracycline | 4–8 | ORC | ORC | ORC | ORC | R | R |
Doripenem | 0.5–4 | R | S | R | R | NA | NA |
Minocycline | 1–8 | ORC | IR | ORC | ORC | NA | NA |
Ertapenem | 0.25–8 | R | IR | R | R | NA | NA |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 2/38–4/76 | R | R | R | R | NA | NA |
Imipenem | 0.5–8 | R | IR | R | R | NA | NA |
Piperacillin | 16–64 | ORC | IR | ORC | ORC | NA | NA |
Meropenem | 0.5–8 | R | S | R | R | NA | NA |
Gentamicin | 2–8 | ORC | S | ORC | ORC | R | R |
Cefazolin | 1–16 | R | R | R | R | NA | NA |
Tobramycin | 2–8 | ORC | S | ORC | ORC | NA | NA |
Ceftazidime | 1–16 | R | R | R | R | NA | NA |
Ampicillin/sulbactam 2:1 ratio | 4/2–16/8 | ORC | IR | ORC | IR | NA | NA |
Aztreonam | 1–16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Ampicillin | 8–16 | ORC | ORC | ORC | IR | NA | NA |
Cefepime | 4–32 | R | SSD | R | R | NA | NA |
Ciprofloxacin | 0.5–2 | ORC | S | R | R | R | R |
Ceftriaxone | 0.5–32 | R | R | R | R | NA | NA |
Enterococcus faecalis | Clostridium perfringens | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Streptococcus suis | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | ATCC 29212 | ATCC 12915 | ATCC 49619 | ATCC 43765 |
Butyric acid | 2000 (±0) | 1200 (±400) | 1000 (±0) | 700 (±2400) |
Valeric acid | 2000 (±0) | 1300 (±700) | 1000 (±0) | 1000 (±0) |
Sodium formate | >20,000 | 18,800 (±7100) | 15,800 (±24,00) | 11,000 (±7100) |
ProPhorce 1 | 1000 (±0) | 1000 (±0) | 1000 (±0) | 1900 (±3400) |
Propionate glycerides | >10,000 | 11,300 (±6400) | >25,000 | >25,000 |
Butyrate glycerides | 10,000 (±0) | 2600 (±1300) | 7700 (±2900) | 7800 (±2500) |
Valerate glycerides | 10,000 (±0) | 3100 (±1200) | 2400 (±400) | 2000 (±700) |
Monolaurin | 500 (±0) | 300 (±400) | 10 (±0) | 400 (±800) |
Antimicrobial Drugs | Range of Concentrations (mg/L) | Enterococcus faecalis | Clostridium perfringens | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Streptococcus suis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATCC 29212 | ATCC 12915 | ATCC 49619 | ATCC 43765 | ||
Tigecycline | 0.015–0.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Erythromycin | 0.25–8 | IR | NA | S | S |
Tetracycline | 1–32 | R | R | R | IR |
Ciprofloxacin | 0.12–4 | R | NA | NA | NA |
Chloramphenicol | 2–32 | R | R | S | S |
Penicillin | 0.25–16 | R | R | NA | ORC |
Daptomycin | 0.25–16 | NA | NA | S | S |
Vancomycin | 0.25–32 | R | NA | S | S |
Streptomycin | 512–2048 | R | NA | NA | NA |
Nitrofurantoin | 2–64 | ORC | NA | NA | NA |
Tylosin tartrate | 0.25–32 | R | NA | NA | NA |
Gentamicin | 128–1024 | R | NA | NA | NA |
Quinupristin/dalfopristin | 0.5–32 | R | NA | S | S |
Lincomycin | 1–8 | S | NA | NA | NA |
Linezolid | 0.5–8 | R | NA | S | S |
Kanamycin | 128–1024 | R | NA | NA | NA |
Species | Strain Designation | Gram Stain | Strain Type |
---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | ATCC 25922 | G− | reference |
Escherichia coli | F18 | G− | wild |
Salmonella enterica Typhimurium | ATCC 14028 | G− | reference |
Salmonella enterica Typhimurium | Sample ID #4286 | G− | wild |
Campylobacter jejuni | ATCC 33560 (CIP 702) | G− | reference |
Campylobacter jejuni | Campy 8DLIS D12-1 | G− | wild |
Enterococcus faecalis | ATCC 29212 | G+ | reference |
Clostridium perfringens | ATCC 12915 | G+ | reference |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | ATCC 49619 | G+ | reference |
Streptococcus suis | ATCC 43765 | G+ | wild |
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Kovanda, L.; Zhang, W.; Wei, X.; Luo, J.; Wu, X.; Atwill, E.R.; Vaessen, S.; Li, X.; Liu, Y. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives on Several Species of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Molecules 2019, 24, 3770. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203770
Kovanda L, Zhang W, Wei X, Luo J, Wu X, Atwill ER, Vaessen S, Li X, Liu Y. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives on Several Species of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Molecules. 2019; 24(20):3770. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203770
Chicago/Turabian StyleKovanda, Lauren, Wen Zhang, Xiaohong Wei, Jia Luo, Xixi Wu, Edward Robert Atwill, Stefan Vaessen, Xunde Li, and Yanhong Liu. 2019. "In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives on Several Species of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria" Molecules 24, no. 20: 3770. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203770