Circulating Metabolites Originating from Gut Microbiota Control Endothelial Cell Function
Abstract
:1. Vascular Endothelium and Its Functions
1.1. Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis
1.2. Molecular Regulation of Angiogenesis
2. Gut Microbiota (GM) Influence on Disorders Characterized by Endothelial Dysfunction
3. Influence of Gut-Derived Metabolites on Vascular Endothelium and the Cardiovascular System
3.1. Trimethylamine N Oxide (TMAO)
3.2. Uremic Toxins
Disorder | Model | Metabolite(s) | Intervention | Prevalent Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coronary artery disease | Mouse cells and tissue | TMAO | DMB | Inhibition of foam cell formation | [56] |
FMO3 silencing or inhibition | [78] | ||||
Resveratrol | [63] | ||||
Mouse tissue | - | Probiotics | Reduce vascular inflammation | [79] | |
Hypertension | Mouse | SCFA | SCFA | Activation of G-protein coupled receptor-41 | [45,80] |
Mouse tissue | SCFA | High-fiber diet | Increased SCFA-producing bacteria | [81,82,83,84,85,86] | |
Human hypertensive patients | - | Dietary fibers, probiotics | Regulation of renin–angiotensin system. | [86,87,88,89,90] | |
Human hypertensive patients | - | Minocycline, Vancomycin | Increased the diversity of GM and reduced Firmicutes | [36,91] | |
Hypertension and endothelial dysfunction | Spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) | - | Gallic acid | Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition | [92] |
Endothelial dysfunction | Cultured cells | Uremic toxins | Caffeic acid | Increased NO production and reduced ROS | [76] |
3.3. Peptides
3.4. Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
3.5. Gaseous Metabolites
3.5.1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
3.5.2. Nitric Oxide (NO)
3.5.3. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
3.6. Metabolites Deriving from Gut Metabolism of Xenobiotics
3.6.1. Anthocyanins
3.6.2. Phytoestrogens
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amedei, A.; Morbidelli, L. Circulating Metabolites Originating from Gut Microbiota Control Endothelial Cell Function. Molecules 2019, 24, 3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213992
Amedei A, Morbidelli L. Circulating Metabolites Originating from Gut Microbiota Control Endothelial Cell Function. Molecules. 2019; 24(21):3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213992
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmedei, Amedeo, and Lucia Morbidelli. 2019. "Circulating Metabolites Originating from Gut Microbiota Control Endothelial Cell Function" Molecules 24, no. 21: 3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213992