Combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DV10 as Starter Culture to Produce Mango Slurry: Microbiological, Chemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Microbial Growth Performance During Mango Slurry Fermentation
2.2. Quality Parameters
2.3. Changes in TPC, ABTS and FRAP
2.4. Inhibition of LDL Oxidation
2.5. Changes in Organic Acids
2.6. Changes in Volatile Compounds
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Fermented Mango Slurry
3.3. Enumeration of Microorganisms
3.4. The pH, Total Soluble Solids and Reducing Sugar Content
3.5. TPC
3.6. Scavenging Effect on ABTS Radical
3.7. Determination of FRAP
3.8. Copper-Induced LDL Oxidation
3.9. Organic Acid Content
3.10. Volatile Compound Content
3.11. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
Samples | pH | TSS (° Brix) | Reducing sugars (g/L) | TPC (mg GAE/100 mL) | ABTS (% Inh) | FRAP (mM FeSO4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unfermented | 4.12 ± 0.15b | 21.6 ± 0.5b | 2.24 ± 0.07b | 75.87 ± 1.43a | 10.43 ± 0.25a | 1.11 ± 0.03a |
L. plantarum | 3.54 ± 0.09a | 21.2 ± 0.4b | 2.13 ± 0.06b | 86.59 ± 1.29c | 15.29 ± 0.31c | 1.47 ± 0.04b |
S. cerevisiae DV10 | 3.98 ± 0.12b | 20.2 ± 0.5a | 1.97 ± 0.04a | 79.41 ± 1.65b | 12.72 ± 0.29b | 1.16 ± 0.02a |
Co-culture | 3.55 ± 0.07a | 20.3 ± 0.4a | 2.00 ± 0.05a | 89.25 ± 1.06d | 16.11 ± 0.34d | 1.49 ± 0.05b |
Volatile Compounds | RT | RI | Unfermented Mango Slurry | L. plantarum | S. cerevisiae DV10 | Co-Culture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Terpenes | ||||||
(+)-4-Carene | 10.228 | 919 | 517.02 ± 25.85a | 535.5 ± 26.78a | 263.9 ± 18.2b | 275.62 ± 18.78b |
3-Carene | 7.312 | 948 | 33.94 ± 1.7b | 37.67 ± 1.88a | 16.26 ± 0.81d | 19.59 ± 0.98c |
d-Limonene | 8.434 | 1018 | 13.03 ± 0.65a | 13.53 ± 0.68a | 7.07 ± 0.35b | 6.67 ± 0.33b |
γ-Terpinene | 9.452 | 998 | 2.83 ± 0.14a | 2.83 ± 0.14a | 1.62 ± 0.08c | 2.32 ± 0.12b |
o-Cymene | 9.888 | 1042 | 5.84 ± 0.29a | 5.76 ± 0.29a | 2.93 ± 0.15c | 4.04 ± 0.2b |
β-Myrcene | 7.796 | 958 | 8.28 ± 0.41a | 12.93 ± 0.65b | 5.25 ± 0.26c | 5.15 ± 0.26c |
Phellandrene | 7.685 | 969 | 16.06 ± 0.8a | 15.15 ± 0.76a | 6.67 ± 0.33c | 8.79 ± 0.44b |
β-Ocimene | 9.65 | 976 | 3.33 ± 0.17b | 4.04 ± 0.2a | – | 1.62 ± 0.08c |
Caryophyllene | 15.637 | 1494 | 1.21 ± 0.06a | – | – | – |
α-Pinene | 4.411 | 948 | 1.82 ± 0.09a | 1.92 ± 0.1a | – | – |
α-Copaene | 14.05 | 1221 | 1.11 ± 0.06a | – | – | 0.61 ± 0.03b |
Subtotal | 604.47 | 629.33 | 303.7 | 324.41 | ||
Alcohols | ||||||
Ethanol | 2.829 | 463 | – | 22.56 ± 1.13c | 248.22 ± 12.41a | 141.84 ± 7.09b |
2-Penten-1-ol | 10.871 | 769 | 9.22 ± 0.46a | 1.65 ± 0.08b | – | 0.4 ± 0.02c |
1-Hexanol | 11.52 | 860 | 0.54 ± 0.03c | 1.35 ± 0.07a | – | 0.64 ± 0.03b |
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol | 12.062 | 868 | – | 1.58 ± 0.08a | – | 0.3 ± 0.02b |
1-Octanol | 14.979 | 1059 | 0.64 ± 0.03b | 1.68 ± 0.08a | – | 1.78 ± 0.09a |
(E,Z)-3,6-Nonadien-1-ol | 17.564 | 1175 | 1.68 ± 0.08a | 1.82 ± 0.09a | 0.57 ± 0.03c | 1.01 ± 0.05b |
3-methyl-1-Butanol | 8.72 | 697 | – | – | 89.18 ± 4.46a | 52.18 ± 2.61b |
Phenylethyl Alcohol | 19.359 | 1136 | – | 1.92 ± 0.1c | 53.6 ± 2.68a | 29.36 ± 1.47b |
2-methyl-1-Propanol | 6.289 | 597 | – | – | 14.85 ± 0.74a | 6.13 ± 0.31b |
cis-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol | 18.55 | 1140 | – | 7.37 ± 0.37a | 1.65 ± 0.08c | 4.38 ± 0.22b |
[R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Butanediol | 14.564 | 743 | – | – | 4.41 ± 0.22a | 1.14 ± 0.06b |
3,7-dimethyl-1,6-Octadien-3-ol | 14.835 | 1082 | 0.77 ± 0.04b | 1.11 ± 0.06a | 0.57 ± 0.03d | 0.67 ± 0.03c |
α-Terpineol | 16.889 | 1143 | 0.54 ± 0.03a | 0.57 ± 0.03a | – | – |
Benzyl alcohol | 18.957 | 1036 | – | 1.38 ± 0.07a | – | 0.84 ± 0.04b |
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-Phenol | 23.362 | 1555 | 4.48 ± 0.22a | 1.52 ± 0.08c | 2.93 ± 0.15b | 1.11 ± 0.06d |
6-Nonen-1-ol | 17.155 | 1167 | – | – | 2.26 ± 0.11a | 2.42 ± 0.12a |
Eugenol | 21.995 | 1392 | – | 1.18 ± 0.06b | – | 0.84 ± 0.04c |
Subtotal | 17.88 | 45.69 | 418.24 | 245.06 | ||
Esters | ||||||
Ethyl Acetate | 2.35 | 586 | 33.03 ± 1.65a | 5.76 ± 0.29d | 22.12 ± 1.11b | 9.49 ± 0.47c |
Octanoic acid, ethyl ester | 13.079 | 1183 | 5.05 ± 0.25d | 37.64 ± 1.88c | 317.14 ± 15.86a | 193.22 ± 9.66b |
Butanoic acid, ethyl ester | 4.816 | 785 | 7.17 ± 0.36b | 7.17 ± 0.36b | 8.59 ± 0.43a | 4.14 ± 0.21c |
Decanoic acid, ethyl ester | 16.239 | 1381 | 2.22 ± 0.11d | 13.54 ± 0.68c | 116.55 ± 5.83a | 77.17 ± 3.86b |
Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester | 9.265 | 984 | – | – | 77.87 ± 3.89a | 43.43 ± 2.17b |
Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 18.801 | 1580 | 1.72 ± 0.09c | – | 15.35 ± 0.77a | 4.04 ± 0.2b |
Isoamyl acetate | 6.779 | 820 | – | – | 28.58 ± 1.43a | 16.36 ± 0.82b |
Acetic acid,2-phenylethyl ester | 18.348 | 1259 | – | – | 27.98 ± 1.4a | 9.8 ± 0.49b |
Octanoic acid, methyl ester | 12.267 | 1083 | – | – | 5.86 ± 0.29a | 5.96 ± 0.3a |
Ethyl 9-decenoate | 16.913 | 1371 | – | – | 20.81 ± 1.04a | – |
Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 21.017 | 1779 | – | – | 4.55 ± 0.23a | 0.61 ± 0.03b |
Decanoic acid, methyl ester | 15.618 | 1282 | – | – | 5.45 ± 0.27a | 2.93 ± 0.15b |
Hexanoic acid, methyl ester | 8.229 | 884 | – | 1.21 ± 0.06b | 1.82 ± 0.06a | 1.82 ± 0.09a |
4-Terpinenyl acetate | 6.901 | 1327 | – | – | – | 2.83 ± 0.14a |
Formic acid, butyl ester | 7.261 | 783 | 1.62 ± 0.08b | 2.02 ± 0.11a | – | – |
(S)-1-Alanine ethylamide | 1.283 | 864 | – | 2.53 ± 0.12b | – | 2.83 ± 0.15a |
Formic acid, heptyl ester | 13.33 | 1081 | – | 2.42 ± 0.12a | – | – |
Subtotal | 50.81 | 72.29 | 652.67 | 374.63 | ||
Acids | ||||||
Butanoic acid | 15.839 | 775 | 34.64 ± 1.53b | 37.02 ± 1.85a | 14.04 ± 0.7d | 16.82 ± 0.84c |
Hexanoic acid | 23.507 | 974 | 64.99 ± 3.25a | 22.67 ± 1.13b | 13.58 ± 0.68d | 16.51 ± 0.83c |
Acetic acid | 13.037 | 576 | – | 55.2 ± 2.76a | – | 17.07 ± 0.85b |
Octanoic acid | 20.917 | 1173 | 2.88 ± 0.14d | 4.34 ± 0.22c | 20.91 ± 1.05a | 15.91 ± 0.8b |
n-Decanoic acid | 22.978 | 1372 | 0.91 ± 0.05c | 0.4 ± 0.02d | 13.79 ± 0.69a | 4.75 ± 0.24b |
Octadecanoic acid | 24.14 | 2167 | 3.23 ± 0.16c | 17.57 ± 0.88b | 27.72 ± 1.39a | 1.46 ± 0.07d |
Dodecanoic acid | 24.845 | 1570 | 1.31 ± 0.07d | 3.43 ± 0.17a | 1.72 ± 0.09c | 3.08 ± 0.15b |
n-Hexadecanoic acid | 24.718 | 1968 | – | 9.04 ± 0.45a | – | 2.53 ± 0.13b |
Subtotal | 107.96 | 149.67 | 91.76 | 78.13 | ||
Aldehydes | ||||||
(E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal | 15.366 | 1120 | 9.29 ± 0.46a | – | – | – |
Furfural | 13.331 | 831 | 3.74 ± 0.19a | – | – | – |
(E,E)-2,4-Heptadienal | 13.865 | 921 | 4.24 ± 0.21a | – | – | – |
Nonanal | 12.286 | 1104 | 3.74 ± 0.19a | – | – | – |
Citral | 16.762 | 1174 | 7.78 ± 0.39b | 10.5 ± 0.53a | – | 11.51 ± 0.58a |
2-Hexenal | 8.754 | 814 | 2.63 ± 0.13a | – | – | – |
Subtotal | 31.42 | 10.5 | 0 | 11.51 | ||
Ketones | ||||||
3-Penten-2-one | 6.686 | 662 | 17.17 ± 0.86b | 28.89 ± 1.44a | – | – |
4-hydroxy-2-Pentanone | 13.22 | 817 | 10.2 ± 0.51a | 9.7 ± 0.48a | 3.13 ± 0.16b | 3.03 ± 0.15b |
5-ethyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone | 16.831 | 986 | 10.4 ± 0.52a | 7.68 ± 0.38b | 2.83 ± 0.14d | 4.75 ± 0.24c |
5-butyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone | 19.425 | 1184 | 3.54 ± 0.18a | 1.62 ± 0.08b | – | – |
trans-β-Ionone | 19.765 | 1457 | 3.03 ± 0.15a | 1.01 ± 0.05d | 2.32 ± 0.12b | 1.82 ± 0.09c |
2-Heptanone | 8.068 | 853 | – | 4.55 ± 0.23a | – | 1.01 ± 0.05b |
Acetoin | 10.085 | 717 | – | 19.38 ± 0.97a | 9.59 ± 0.48c | 16.16 ± 0.81b |
2,3-Butanedione | 3.523 | 691 | – | 6.16 ± 0.31a | – | – |
1-(3-methylphenyl)-Ethanone | 17.797 | 1142 | 5.56 ± 0.28a | – | – | – |
4-methyl-4-Hexen-3-one | 6.761 | 838 | 4.55 ± 0.23a | – | – | – |
tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-Pyran-2-one | 17.936 | 1006 | 13.94 ± 0.7c | 8.32 ± 0.42d | 16.78 ± 0.64a | 15.08 ± 0.75b |
Subtotal | 68.39 | 87.31 | 34.65 | 41.85 | ||
Alkanes | ||||||
(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-Benzene | 12.993 | 1077 | 14.04 ± 0.7a | 12.63 ± 0.63ab | 11.92 ± 0.6b | 10.2 ± 0.51c |
1,3,8-p-Menthatriene | 12.243 | 1029 | – | 2.32 ± 0.12a | – | – |
bis(1-methylethylidene)-Cyclobutene | 12.81 | 983 | 2.63 ± 0.13a | 2.02 ± 0.1b | 1.52 ± 0.08c | 1.01 ± 0.05d |
Styrene | 9.588 | 883 | – | – | 11.41 ± 0.57a | 2.12 ± 0.11b |
2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-Pentadecane | 20.42 | 1653 | – | – | 11.51 ± 0.58a | 7.07 ± 0.35b |
Heneicosane | 18.106 | 2109 | 12.83 ± 0.64b | 10.91 ± 0.55c | 20.5 ± 1.03a | 18.28 ± 0.91a |
2-methyloctacosane | 18.397 | 2840 | 2.32 ± 0.12a | – | – | – |
Subtotal | 31.82 | 27.88 | 56.86 | 38.68 | ||
Others | ||||||
trans-2-(2-Pentenyl)furan | 10.603 | 1048 | 1.82 ± 0.09b | 2.43 ± 0.09a | – | 0.91 ± 0.05c |
1,1-diethoxy-Ethane | 2.439 | 705 | – | – | 13.23 ± 0.66a | 6.77 ± 0.34b |
2,3-dihydro-Benzofuran | 23.969 | 1036 | – | 3.74 ± 0.19a | 0.81 ± 0.03b | 0.81 ± 0.04b |
2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-Dioxolane | 3.022 | 761 | – | – | 12.02 ± 0.47b | 13.53 ± 0.38a |
Subtotal | 1.82 | 6.17 | 26.06 | 22.02 |
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Jin, X.; Chen, W.; Chen, H.; Chen, W.; Zhong, Q. Combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DV10 as Starter Culture to Produce Mango Slurry: Microbiological, Chemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2019, 24, 4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234349
Jin X, Chen W, Chen H, Chen W, Zhong Q. Combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DV10 as Starter Culture to Produce Mango Slurry: Microbiological, Chemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules. 2019; 24(23):4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234349
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Xiaofan, Wenxue Chen, Haiming Chen, Weijun Chen, and Qiuping Zhong. 2019. "Combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DV10 as Starter Culture to Produce Mango Slurry: Microbiological, Chemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activity" Molecules 24, no. 23: 4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234349