Extraction Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. Extraction Optimization of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit
2.1.1. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of KPS
2.1.2. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of KPS
2.2. Preliminary Characterization of KPS
2.2.1. Chemical Composition of KPS
2.2.2. Molecular Weights and Constituent Monosaccharides of KPS
2.2.3. FT-IR Spectra and Degree of Esterification of KPS
2.3. Antioxidant Activities of KPS
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Material and Chemicals
3.2. Extraction of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit
3.2.1. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of KPS
3.2.2. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of KPS
3.2.3. Hot Water Extraction of KPS
3.3. Characterization of KPS
3.3.1. Physicochemical Properties Analysis
3.3.2. Determination of Molecular Weights
3.3.3. Determination of Constituent Monosaccharides
3.3.4. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy Analysis
3.4. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit
3.4.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
3.4.2. ABTS Radical Cation Scavenging Activity
3.4.3. Reducing Power
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the raw material of kiwifruits are available from the authors. |
Runs | Levels of Independent Factors (MAE) a | Extraction Yield % | Levels of Independent Factors (UAE) b | Extraction Yield % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X11 (W) | X12 (min) | X13 (mL/g) | X21 (%) | X22 (mL/g) | X23 (min) | |||
1 | 1(560) | 0(50) | 1(10) | 2.10 | 0(70) | 1(40) | −1(5) | 1.80 |
2 | 1(560) | −1(40) | 0(8) | 2.46 | −1(55) | 0(30) | 1(15) | 2.49 |
3 | 0(480) | 1(60) | 1(10) | 2.04 | 1(85) | 1(40) | 0(10) | 1.98 |
4 | −1(400) | −1(40) | 0(8) | 2.19 | 1(85) | −1(20) | 0(10) | 1.76 |
5 | 1(560) | 1(60) | 0(8) | 2.51 | 0(70) | 0(30) | 0(10) | 2.60 |
6 | 0(480) | −1(40) | 1(10) | 2.10 | −1(55) | 0(30) | −1(5) | 1.89 |
7 | −1(400) | 1(60) | 0(8) | 2.46 | 0(70) | −1(20) | 1(15) | 2.22 |
8 | 0(480) | 0(50) | 0(8) | 3.00 | −1(55) | −1(20) | 0(10) | 1.92 |
9 | 0(480) | 0(50) | 0(8) | 2.96 | 0(70) | 0(30) | 0(10) | 2.75 |
10 | 0(480) | 0(50) | 0(8) | 2.87 | 0(70) | 1(40) | 1(15) | 2.31 |
11 | −1(400) | 0(50) | −1(6) | 2.19 | 0(70) | −1(20) | −1(5) | 1.82 |
12 | 1(560) | 0(50) | −1(6) | 2.51 | 0(70) | 0(30) | 0(10) | 2.78 |
13 | 0(480) | 0(50) | 0(8) | 2.98 | −1(55) | 1(40) | 0(10) | 2.01 |
14 | 0(480) | 1(60) | −1(6) | 2.75 | 1(85) | 0(30) | 1(15) | 1.94 |
15 | 0(480) | 0(50) | 0(8) | 2.96 | 0(70) | 0(30) | 0(10) | 2.70 |
16 | 0(480) | −1(40) | −1(6) | 2.25 | 0(70) | 0(30) | 0(10) | 2.82 |
17 | −1(400) | 0(50) | 1(10) | 2.16 | −1(55) | 0(30) | −1(5) | 2.01 |
Source a | MAE | UAE | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | df b | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value c | Sum of Squares | df b | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value c | |
Model | 0.87 | 9 | 0.097 | 44.36 | <0.0001 ** | 1.06 | 9 | 0.12 | 37.34 | <0.0001 ** |
X11 (X21) | 0.018 | 1 | 0.018 | 8.25 | 0.0239 * | 0.022 | 1 | 0.022 | 7.04 | 0.0328 * |
X12 (X22) | 0.031 | 1 | 0.031 | 14.30 | 0.0069 ** | 8.21 × 10−3 | 1 | 8.21 × 10−3 | 2.59 | 0.1513 |
X13 (X23) | 0.092 | 1 | 0.092 | 41.99 | 0.0003 ** | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 36.59 | 0.0005 ** |
X11X12 (X21X22) | 6.28 × 10−3 | 1 | 6.28 × 10−3 | 2.88 | 0.1336 | 2.11 × 10−3 | 1 | 2.11 × 10−3 | 0.66 | 0.4417 |
X11X13 (X21X23) | 0.016 | 1 | 0.016 | 7.18 | 0.0315 * | 0.049 | 1 | 0.049 | 15.46 | 0.0057 ** |
X12X13 (X22X23) | 0.036 | 1 | 0.036 | 16.29 | 0.0050 ** | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 0.34 | 0.5777 |
X112 (X212) | 0.16 | 1 | 0.16 | 75.50 | <0.0001 ** | 0.28 | 1 | 0.28 | 89.51 | <0.0001 ** |
X122 (X222) | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 54.39 | 0.0002 ** | 0.36 | 1 | 0.26 | 112.54 | <0.0001 ** |
X132 (X232) | 0.32 | 1 | 0.32 | 147.8 | <0.0001 ** | 0.14 | 1 | 0.14 | 43.83 | 0.0003 ** |
Residual error | 0.013 | 7 | 2.18 × 10−3 | 0.02 | 7 | 3.17 × 10−3 | ||||
Lack of fit | 0.015 | 3 | 3.70 × 10−3 | 3.55 | 0.1265 | 0.016 | 3 | 5.33 × 10−3 | 3.46 | 0.1308 |
Pure error | 4.17 × 10−3 | 4 | 1.04 × 10−3 | 6.16 × 10−3 | 4 | 1.54 × 10−3 | ||||
Correlation total | 0.89 | 16 | 1.09 | 16 |
KPS-M | KPS-U | KPS-H | |
---|---|---|---|
Extraction yield (%) | 2.92 ± 0.08 a | 2.82 ± 0.10 a | 2.86 ± 0.13 a |
Total carbohydrate (%) | 78.21 ± 1.42 a | 74.80 ± 1.60 c | 76.18 ± 1.46 b |
Total uronic acid (%) | 43.88 ± 0.65 b | 43.32 ± 0.73 b | 45.7 ± 0.98 a |
Protein content (%) | 3.50 ± 0.12 c | 6.08 ± 0.15a | 4.28 ± 0.09 b |
Mw × 105 (Da, error) | 1.689 (±0.65%) c | 1.769 (±0.63%) b | 1.955 (±0.48%) a |
Mw/Mn (error) | 1.827 (±1.04%) | 1.724 (±0.91%) | 1.833 (±0.70%) |
Degree of esterification (%) | 43.33 c | 48.38 b | 55.02 a |
Constituent Monosaccharides and Molar Ratios | |||
Mannose | 0.36 | 0.77 | 0.25 |
Rhamnose | 0.23 | 0.47 | 0.35 |
Galacturonic acid | 3.28 | 5.16 | 4.07 |
Glucose | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Galactose | 1.69 | 2.91 | 1.24 |
Xylose | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.24 |
Arabinose | 0.93 | 1.86 | 1.01 |
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Han, Q.-H.; Liu, W.; Li, H.-Y.; He, J.-L.; Guo, H.; Lin, S.; Zhao, L.; Chen, H.; Liu, Y.-W.; Wu, D.-T.; et al. Extraction Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.). Molecules 2019, 24, 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030461
Han Q-H, Liu W, Li H-Y, He J-L, Guo H, Lin S, Zhao L, Chen H, Liu Y-W, Wu D-T, et al. Extraction Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.). Molecules. 2019; 24(3):461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030461
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Qiao-Hong, Wen Liu, Hong-Yi Li, Jing-Liu He, Huan Guo, Shang Lin, Li Zhao, Hong Chen, Yao-Wen Liu, Ding-Tao Wu, and et al. 2019. "Extraction Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.)" Molecules 24, no. 3: 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030461