Review of Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
3. Taxonomy, Distribution and Description of L. schweinfurthii
4. Medicinal Uses of Lannea schweinfurthii
5. Phytochemistry of Lannea schweinfurthii
6. Pharmacological Properties and Safety Evaluation of L. schweinfurthii
6.1. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities
6.2. Anti-Apoptotic Activities
6.3. Antibacterial Activities
6.4. Antiviral Activities
6.5. Anti-giardial Activities
6.6. Anti-inflammatory Activities
6.7. Antioxidant Activities
6.8. Antiplasmodial Activities
6.9. Antitrypanosomal Activities
6.10. Hepatoprotective Activities
6.11. Larvicidal Activities
6.12. Cytotoxicity and Toxicity Activities
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Medicinal Use | Parts of the Plant Used | Country | References |
---|---|---|---|
Animal diseases (coccidiosis, corridor disease and prophylactic measure against poultry diseases) | Roots | Tanzania and Zimbabwe | [35,36] |
Birth-related disorders (induce labour, pre, intra and post-partum, post-partum haemorrhage, pregnancy anaemia and retained after birth) | Bark, leaves and roots | Kenya and Tanzania | [27,70,71] |
Blood pressure and diarrhoea | Bark mixed with roots of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews and Solanum incanum L. | Kenya | [34] |
Blood system disorders (anaemia and blood pressure) | Bark and roots | Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania | [27,32,34,38,50,72] |
Fever and malaria | Bark and roots | Tanzania | [27,58] |
Fits | Bark and leaves | Zambia | [29] |
Gastro-intestinal disorders (amoebic dysentery, diarrhoea, dysentery, stomach problems and stomachache) | Stems, leaves, bark and roots | Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe | [9,27,28,29,32,33,50,51,60,73,74,75,76,77,78,79] |
Headache | Leaves, bark and roots | Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania | [27,50,51,75,76,78] |
Infections or infestations (abscesses, boils, carbuncles, cellulitis, gonorrhoea, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, HIV/AIDS, oral candidiasis, skin infections, skin rash, smallpox, syphilis and venereal diseases) | Stems, roots, leaves and bark | Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia | [27,28,29,31,34,59,60,61,62,63,70,75,80] |
Injuries (sores and wounds) | Bark and roots | South Africa, Swaziland and Tanzania | [9,27,58,81,82] |
Mental disorder | Leaves | Mozambique | [28] |
Pain (abdominal and body pains) | Leaves and roots | South Africa and Tanzania | [27,83] |
Protective charm | Roots | Kenya and South Africa | [8,70,76,84] |
Reproductive system disorders (abortifacient and sterility) | Leaves | Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda | [27,30,79] |
Respiratory disorders (asthma, cough, tuberculosis and tussis) | Bark, leaves and roots | Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania | [27,28,75] |
Sedative | Roots | South Africa and Swaziland | [8,82,85] |
Snake bite | Leaves and root bark | Kenya and South Africa | [8,34,86] |
Stomach ulcers | Leaves and roots | Kenya and Tanzania | [79,81] |
Swellings | Bark, leaves and roots | Kenya | [75] |
Nutritional Composition | Values | Plant Parts | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Acid detergent fibre (%) | 14.4 | Leaves | [109] |
Alkaloids (%) | 1.8–4.7 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Ash (%) | 5.0–11.9 | Leaves and roots | [88,109] |
Calcium (%) | 1.1 | Leaves | [109] |
Carbohydrates (%) | 43.4–52.2 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Copper (ppm) | 0.9 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Dry matter (%) | 34.5 | Leaves | [109] |
Fibre (%) | 0.5–1.0 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
In vitro dry matter digestibility (%) | 61.3 | Leaves | [109] |
Iron (ppm) | 1.4 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Lead (ppm) | 1.0–1.1 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Lipid (%) | 5.6–9.0 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Manganese (ppm) | 1.7–2.0 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Moisture (%) | 13.7–14.5 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Neutral detergent fibre (%) | 47.5 | Leaves | [109] |
Phosphorus (%) | 0.3 | Leaves | [109] |
Protein (%) | 15.4–22.0 | Leaves and roots | [88,109] |
Saponins (%) | 10.2–16.5 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
Total flavonol (mg quercetin/g of extract) | 17.3 | Roots | [93] |
Total flavonoid (mg quercetin/g of extract) | 13.6 | Leaves and roots | [88,93] |
Total phenol (mg tannic acid/g of extract) | 101.3 | Roots | [93] |
Total phenolic content (mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract) | 336 | Bark, leaves and roots | [88,101] |
Zinc (ppm) | 1.2–2.6 | Leaves and roots | [88] |
No. | Compound | Molecular Formula | Plant Part | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardanol | ||||
1 | 3-[heneicos-16′(Z),18′(E)-dienyl] phenol | C27H44O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
2 | 3-[nonadec-14′(Z),16′(E)-dienyl] phenol | C25H40O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
3 | 3-[heptadecyl] phenol | C24H42O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
4 | 3-[heptadec-12′(Z),14′(E)-dienyl] phenol | C23H36O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
5 | 3-[tridecyl] phenol | C23H42O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
6 | 3-((E)-nonadec-16′-enyl) phenol | C25H42O | Roots | [100] |
Cyclohexenones | ||||
7 | 5-hydroxy-5-[tridecyl] cyclohex-2-enone | C19H34O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
8 | 5-hydroxy-5-[pentadecyl] cyclohex-2-enone | C21H38O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
9 | 5-hydroxy-5-[heptadecyl] cyclohex-2-enone | C23H42O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
10 | 5-hydroxy-5-[pentadec-12′(E)-enyl] cyclohex-2-enone | C25H46O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
11 | 5-hydroxy-5-[heptadec-14′(E)-enyl] cyclohex-2-enone | C23H40O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
Cyclohexenols | ||||
12 | 1-((E)-heptadec-14′-enyl)cyclohex-4-ene-1,3-diol | C23H42O2 | Roots | [100] |
13 | 1-[tridecyl] cyclohex-4-en-1,3-diol | C19H36O2 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
14 | 1-[nonadecyl] cyclohex-4-en-1,3-diol | C25H48O2 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
15 | 1-[heneicosyl] cyclohex-4-en-1,3-diol | C27H52O2 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
16 | 1-[tricosyl] cyclohex-4-en-1,3-diol | C29H56O2 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
17 | 1-[pentadec-12′(E)-enyl] cyclohex-4-en-1,3-diol | C21H38O2 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2,100] |
18 | 1-[nonadec-14′(Z),16′(E)-dienyl] cyclohex-4-en-1,3-diol | C25H44O2 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
19 | 1-[heneicosen-16′(Z),18′(E)-dienyl] cyclohex-4-en-1,3 diol | C27H48O2 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
20 | 1-[tridecyl] cyclohex-3-en-1,2,5-triol | C19H36O3 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
21 | 1-[heptadecyl] cyclohex-3-en-1,2,5-triol | C23H44O3 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
Cyclitol | ||||
22 | Quinic acid | C7H12O6 | Bark | [101] |
Dicarboxylic acid | ||||
23 | Malic acid | C4H6O5 | Bark | [101] |
Flavonoids | ||||
24 | Caffeoylquinic acid | C16H18O9 | Bark | [101] |
25 | Catechin | C15H14O6 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2,100] |
26 | Epicatechin | C15H14O6 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2,101] |
27 | Epicatechin gallate | C22H18O10 | Bark, leaves, roots and stems | [2,101] |
28 | Feruloylquinic acid | C17H20O9 | Bark | [101] |
29 | Ligustroside | C4H6O5 | Bark | [101] |
30 | Procyanidin dimer mono gallate | C37H30O16 | Bark | [101] |
31 | Rutin | C27H30O16 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
Terpene | ||||
32 | Lupenone | C30H48O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
33 | Sitosterol | C29H50O | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
34 | Sitosterol glucoside | C35H60O6 | Leaves, roots and stems | [2] |
35 | Taraxerol | C30H50O | Roots | [110] |
36 | Taraxerone | C30H48O | Roots | [110] |
Activity Tested | Extract | Plant Part | Model | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory | Ethyl acetate | Roots | Ellman’s colorimetric | Dose dependent activity recorded with IC50 = 0.0003 mg/mL | [93] |
Anti-apoptotic | Ethyl acetate | Root bark | Cell death by apoptosis | Exhibited activities with LC50 = 36.0 μg/mL | [94] |
Anti-apoptotic | Methanol | Root bark | Cell death by apoptosis | Exhibited activities with LC50 = 78.9 μg/mL | [94] |
Antibacterial | Aqueous | Stem bark | Micro-dilution assay | Exhibited activities against Bacillus cereus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 1000 μg/mL | [95] |
Antibacterial | Methanol | Stem bark | Micro-dilution assay | Exhibited activities against Bacillus cereus with MIC and MBC value of 1000 μg/mL | [95] |
Antibacterial | Hexane | Root | Disc diffusion method | Exhibited activities against both Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium with 10 mm zone of inhibition | [2] |
Antibacterial | Methanol | Root | Disc diffusion method | Exhibited activities against both Psudomonus aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium with 8 mm zone of inhibition, Enterococcus faecalis (13 mm), Enterococcus faecium (15 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm) | [2] |
Antibacterial | Methanol | Stem | Disc diffusion method | Exhibited activities against both Psudomonus aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium with 8 mm zone of inhibition, Enterococcus faecium (12 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm) and Enterococcus faecalis (14 mm) | [2] |
Antibacterial | Ethanol | Root bark | Micro-dilution technique | Exhibited activities with MIC values of >1000 µg/mL and 125 µg/mL against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Propionibacterium acnes, respectively | [96] |
Antiviral | Methanol | Stem bark | 50% end point titration technique | Exhibited activities with reduction factor (RF) values of 101 and 103 at concentrations of 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively against Semliki Forest virus A7 | [95] |
Antiviral | Methanol | Stem bark | 50% end point titration technique | Exhibited activities with reduction factor (RF) values of 101 and 103 at concentrations of 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively against Semliki Forest virus A7 | [97] |
Antiviral | Aqueous | Stem bark | Micro-dilution technique | Exhibited activities with IC50 value of 53.2 µg/mL and 89.4 µg/mL against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1, IIIB strain) and type 2 (HIV-2, ROD strain), respectively | [97] |
Antiviral | 80% methanol | Stem bark | Micro-dilution technique | Exhibited activities with IC50 value of 7.1 µg/mL and 9.9 µg/mL against (HIV-1, IIIB strain and HIV-2, ROD strain, respectively | [97] |
Anti-giardial | Methanol | Root bark | Growth inhibition of Giardia lamblia trophozoites | Extract was lethal or inhibited growth of Giardia lamblia trophozoites at 1000 ppm | [98] |
Anti-inflammatory | Acetone | Roots | Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibitory assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 value of 43 μg/mL | [99] |
Anti-inflammatory | Methanol | Root | Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method | Extracts showed moderate activities at 60 min and 120 min post-carrageenan administration | [100] |
Antioxidant | Methanol | Root | 2,2´-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays | Exhibited activities with IC50 values of 0.004 mg/mL | [93] |
Antioxidant | Methanol | Roots | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays | Exhibited activities with IC50 values of 0.01 mg/mL | [93] |
Antioxidant | Methanol | Roots | DPPH radical scavenging assay | Exhibited activities with IC50 value of 22.8 µg/mL | [2] |
Antioxidant | Methanol | Bark | DPPH radical scavenging assay | Exhibited activities with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 5.6 µg/mL | [101] |
Antioxidant | Methanol | Bark | Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays | Exhibited activities with 18.3 mM FeSO4 equivalent/mg sample | [101] |
Antioxidant | Methanol | Bark | Antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Wistar rats | The extract increased TAC of liver tissues | [101] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark | [G-3H] hypoxanthine incorporation assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 values of 10.6 µg/mL and 75.9 µg/mL, against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine sensitive (D6) and chloroquine resistant (W2), respectively | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Methanol | Stem bark | [G-3H] hypoxanthine incorporation assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 values of 11.4 µg/mL and 36.3 µg/mL, against D6 and W2, respectively | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark | In vivo four-day suppressive test | Extract caused chemo-suppression of 83.1% | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Methanol | Stem bark | In vivo four-day suppressive test | Extract caused chemo-suppression of 91.4% | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Turraea robusta | In vitro drug interactions | Synergism and additive behaviour observed with sum of fractional inhibition concentration (SFIC) values of 0.6–1.7 | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Searsia natalensis | In vitro drug interactions | Additive behaviour observed with SFIC values of 1.0–1.4 | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Boscia salicifolia | In vitro drug interactions | Additive and synergistic behaviour observed with SFIC values of 0.9–1.3 | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Sclerocarya birrea | In vitro drug interactions | Additive and antagonistic behaviour observed with SFIC values of 1.2–2.2 | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Turraea robusta | In vivo drug interactions | Antagonistic behaviour observed with SFIC value 0.6, chemo-suppression of 26.8% and 57.5% after oral and interperitonial injection (i.p.) administration, respectively | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Searsia natalensis | In vivo drug interactions | Additive behaviour observed with SFIC value of 1.0, chemo-suppression of 50.7% and 71.9% after oral and i.p. administration, respectively | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Boscia salicifolia | In vivo drug interactions | Synergistic behaviour observed with SFIC value of 0.9, chemo-suppression of 61.0% and 90.6% after oral and i.p. administration, respectively | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark combined with Sclerocarya birrea | In vivo drug interactions | Synergistic behaviour observed with SFIC value of 1.2, chemo-suppression of 57.2% and 39.0% after oral and i.p. administration, respectively | [102] |
Antiplasmodial | 80% methanol | Stem bark | Twofold serial dilutions | Extract exhibited with IC50 values ranging from 62.3 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL and MIC value of 125 µg/mL | [97] |
Antiplasmodial | Methanol | Leaves | [G-3H] hypoxanthine incorporation assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 values of 38.9 µg/mL and 54.2 µg/mL, against D6 and W2, respectively | [33] |
Antiplasmodial | Methanol | Leaves combined with Searsia natalensis | In vitro drug interactions | Synergistic behaviour observed with SFIC values of 0.4 - <1.0 | [33] |
Antiplasmodial | Methanol | Leaves | In vivo four-day suppressive test | Extract caused chemo-suppression of 83.5% | [33] |
Antiplasmodial | Methanol | Leaves combined with Searsia natalensis | In vivo four-day suppressive test | Extract caused chemo-suppression of 87.7% | [33] |
Antiplasmodial | Aqueous | Stem bark | [G-3H] hypoxanthine incorporation assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 values of 10.6 µg/mL and 75.8 µg/mL, against D6 and W2, respectively | [103] |
Antiplasmodial | Methanol | Stem bark | [G-3H] hypoxanthine incorporation assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 values of 11.4 µg/mL and 36.3 µg/mL, against D6 and W2, respectively | [103] |
Antitrypanosomal | Dichloromethane | Roots | Colorimetric assay via the oxidation-reduction indicator resazurin | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 value of 22.2 µg/mL | [104] |
Antitrypanosomal | Methanol | Roots | Colorimetric assay via the oxidation-reduction indicator resazurin | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 value of 44.2 µg/mL | [104] |
Hepatoprotective | Aqueous | Stem bark | Biochemical and histopathological changes in Wistar rats | Extract reduced levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin and significantly attenuated deleterious histopathologic changes in liver | [101] |
Larvicidal | Ethyl acetate | Leaves, roots and stems | Larval mortality of Anopheles gambiae | Extracts exhibited activities with leaves exhibiting the median lethal dose (LC50) value of 47.9 µg/mL, stems (59.7 µg/mL) and roots (73.7 µg/mL) | [2] |
Larvicidal | Hexane | Leaves, roots and stems | Larval mortality of Anopheles gambiae | Extracts exhibited activities with stem exhibiting LC50 value of 46.0 µg/mL, leaves (51.6 µg/mL) and roots (73.4 µg/mL) | [2] |
Larvicidal | Methanol | Leaves, roots and stems | Larval mortality of Anopheles gambiae | Extracts exhibited activities with stems exhibiting LC50 value of 139.1 µg/mL, roots (147.1 µg/mL) and leaves (240.4 µg/mL) | [2] |
Cytotoxicity | Methanol | Roots | Plaque reduction assay | Extract showed weak activities on Vero cells with CC50 value of 225.3 µg/mL and selectivity index of 6.2 and 198.8 against W2 and D6, respectively | [102] |
Cytotoxicity | Dichloromethane | Roots | Colorimetric assay via the oxidation-reduction indicator resazurin | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 value of 27.2 µg/mL and selectivity index of 1.2 | [104] |
Cytotoxicity | Methanol | Roots | Colorimetric assay via the oxidation-reduction indicator resazurin | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 value of 83.3 µg/mL and selectivity index of 1.9 | [104] |
Cytotoxicity | Aqueous | Stem bark | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) calorimetric assay | Extract exhibited activities with CC50 values of >125 µg/mL | [97] |
Cytotoxicity | 80% methanol | Stem bark | MTT calorimetric assay | Extract exhibited activities with CC50 values of 72.3 µg/mL | [97] |
Cytotoxicity | Aqueous | Leaves | Growth inhibition of Vero E6 cells | Extract exhibited mild activities with CC50 values of 76 µg/mL and a selectivity index of 1.4 | [33] |
Cytotoxicity | Methanol | Roots | Cytotoxicity determined against SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cells | Extract resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in cell survival | [105] |
Cytotoxicity | Methanol | Roots | MTT assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 values >100 µg/mL | [105] |
Cytotoxicity | Methanol | Roots | Neutral red uptake assay | Extract exhibited activities with IC50 values >100 µg/mL | [105] |
Cytotoxicity | Methanol | Roots | MTT assay | Extract exhibited activities with CC50 of 7.4 μg/mL and 74.0 μg/mL, on Vero cell lines and DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines, respectively | [100] |
Toxicity | Methanol | Stems | Brine shrimp lethality test | Extract exhibited activities with LC50 value of 67.9 μg/mL | [58] |
Toxicity | Methanol | Roots | in vivo acute toxicity activities | No deaths were observed at the highest concentration tested and LD50 values for both extracts was above 5000 mg/kg body weight | [102] |
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Maroyi, A. Review of Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl. Molecules 2019, 24, 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040732
Maroyi A. Review of Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl. Molecules. 2019; 24(4):732. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040732
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaroyi, Alfred. 2019. "Review of Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl." Molecules 24, no. 4: 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040732