Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Incarvillea compacta Maxim from the Tibetan Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Total Phenols, Flavonoids and Alkaloids Content
2.2. Chemical Composition of Incarvillea Compacta Maxim
2.2.1. Phenolic Acids
2.2.2. Flavonoids
2.2.3. Alkaloids and Others
2.3. Antioxidant Activity Analysis
2.3.1. Scavenging Effect on DPPH Radicals
2.3.2. Scavenging Effect on ABTS Radicals
2.3.3. Reducing Power Test
2.3.4. β-Carotene Bleaching Test
2.4. Analgesic Test
2.4.1. Formalin Test
2.4.2. Hot-Plate Test
2.4.3. Acetic Acid Writhing Test
3. Discussion
3.1. Total Phenols, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids Content
3.2. Component Analysis
3.3. Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
3.4. Analgesic Effect
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals Reagents and Plant Materials
4.2. Sample Preparation and Extractions
4.3. Determination of The Total Alkaloids Content
4.4. Estimation of The Total Flavonoids Content
4.5. Measurement of the Total Phenols Content
4.6. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Analysis
4.7. In Vitro Antioxidant Activities
4.7.1. Scavenging Effect on DPPH Radicals
4.7.2. Scavenging Effect on ABTS Radicals
4.7.3. Reducing Power Test
4.7.4. β-Carotene Bleaching Test
4.8. Biochemical Assay
4.8.1. Animals
4.8.2. Formalin Test
4.8.3. Hot-Plate Test
4.8.4. Acetic Acid-induced Writhing Test
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of Incarvillea compacta Maxim are available from the authors. |
Solvents | Total Phenols (GAE mg/g DW) | Total Flavonoids (RE mg/g DW) | Total Alkaloids (BE mg/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|
Water | 22.00 ± 0.80c | 29.24 ± 0.09c | 1.05 ± 0.02c |
Methanol | 29.24 ± 0.04b | 49.07 ± 0.25b | 5.01 ± 0.07b |
Acetone | 11.28 ± 0.05a | 9.11 ± 0.08a | 2.43 ± 0.02a |
Peak No. | Rt (min) | Molecular Formula | [M + H]+ (m/z) | [M − H]− (m/z) | Error (ppm) | MS/MS Fragments | Proposed Compound | Reference | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.88 | C9H10O5 | 197.04555 | −2.1 | 182.024,167.0005 | Syringic acid | [18] | Phenolic acids | |
2 | 5.58 | C7H6O3 | 137.02442 | 0.4 | 108.0002, 92.0266 | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | [19] | Phenolic acids | |
3 | 2.02 | C7H12O6 | 191.05611 | −1.1 | 173.0461,127.0410 93.0350, 85.0300, 59.0145 | Quinic acid | [20] | Phenolic acids | |
4 | 2.13 | C13H16O9 | 315.0721 | 0.7 | 153.0568, 59.0159 | Protocatechuic acid hexoside | [21] | Phenolic acids | |
5 | 12.54 | C27H30O16 | 609.14611 | −0.5 | 301.0347 (47.96) | Rutin | [22] | Flavonoid | |
6 | 18.12 | C27H30O15 | 593.15119 | −0.1 | 285.0395 | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) | [23] | Flavonoid | |
7 | 14.7 | C21H20O12 | 463.0882 | −2 | 301.0345 | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | [24] | Flavonoid | |
8 | 20.43 | C21H20O11 | 447.09329 | −2.4 | 285.0384 | Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (astragalin) | [24] | Flavonoid | |
9 | 21.87 | C21H20O10 | 431.09837 | −5 | 269.0424 | Apigenin-7-O-glucoside (apigetrin) | [25] | Flavonoid | |
10 | 2 | C27H30O16 | 609.1461 | −0.5 | 301.0347 | Quercetin-3-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [26] | Flavonoid | |
11 | 8.31 | C20H19NO5 | 354.1336 | −1 | 206.0804,188.0694 149.0596 | Protopine | [27] | Alkaloid | |
12 | 12.54 | C27H30O16 | 609.1458 | −0.5 | 301.0347,271.0235 | Quercetin-3-O-robinobioside | [28] | Flavonoid | |
13 | 19.34 | C16H12O7 | 317.9656 | −0.4 | 317.0645,302.0421 285.0360,274.0463 | Isorhamnetin | [29] | Flavonoid | |
14 | 12.59 | C15H10O7 | 303.0497 | −0.7 | 303.0484,285.0411 229.0498,153.0188 | Quercetin | [29] | Flavonoid | |
15 | 14.73 | C21H20O12 | 465.1028 | −1.2 | 303.0485 | Quercetin-3-glucoside | [29] | Flavonoid | |
16 | 2.37 | C4H6O5 | 133.01425 | 1.2 | 115.0038,71.0155, 51.0191 | Malic Acid | [23] | Organic acid | |
17 | 2.61 | C6H8O7 | 303.04993 | 191.01973 | −2 | 111.0088,87.0089, 59.0154 | Citric acid | [22] | Organic acid |
18 | 6.36 | C9H6O4 | 177.01933 | −0.7 | 149.0281, 133.0274, 105.0337, 89.0396 | Esculetin | [18] | Coumarins | |
19 | 1.69 | C11H21NO | 184.16959 | 0.6 | 184.1691,166.1585,107.0851 | Incarvilline | [30] | Alkaloid | |
20 | 2.56 | C10H11NO2 | 178.0863 | 0.7 | 162.0543,132.0797,118.0643,117.0568 | Plantagonine | [31] | Alkaloid | |
21 | 10.17 | C16H24O9 | 359.1348 | −0.7 | 197.0810,153.0922 | 8-Epideoxyloganic acid | [32] | Iridoids | |
22 | 11.5 | C9H8O3 | 163.04007 | 0.3 | 135.0455, 89.0397 | Coumaric acid | [33] | Phenolic acids | |
23 | 3.6 | C7H6O4 | 153.01933 | 0.3 | 109.0295,81.0366, 53.0414 | Protocatechuic acid | [34] | Phenolic acids | |
24 | 6.59 | C9H8O4 | 179.03498 | 0.9 | 136.0514 | Caffeic acid | [33] | Phenolic acids | |
25 | 38.26 | C15H10O5 | 269.04555 | −3.4 | 117.0351, 151.0046 | Apigenin | [35] | Flavonoid |
Groups | Analgesic Rate (%) |
---|---|
Low-dose | 25.05% |
Mid-dose | 32.79% |
High-dose | 58.20% |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Guo, J.; Zhang, D.; Yu, C.; Yao, L.; Chen, Z.; Tao, Y.; Cao, W. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Incarvillea compacta Maxim from the Tibetan Plateau. Molecules 2019, 24, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091692
Guo J, Zhang D, Yu C, Yao L, Chen Z, Tao Y, Cao W. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Incarvillea compacta Maxim from the Tibetan Plateau. Molecules. 2019; 24(9):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091692
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Jiajia, Dan Zhang, Chao Yu, Ling Yao, Zhuo Chen, Yanduo Tao, and Weiguo Cao. 2019. "Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Incarvillea compacta Maxim from the Tibetan Plateau" Molecules 24, no. 9: 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091692