Betulinic Acid Prevents the Acquisition of Ciprofloxacin-Mediated Mutagenesis in Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. BA Inhibits Ciprofloxacin-Mediated SOS Response
2.2. BA Enhances the Activity of Ciprofloxacin Against S. aureus
2.3. The Effect of BA on Bacterial Cell Membrane Potential
2.4. BA Affects the SOS-Mediated Mutagenesis Promoted by Ciprofloxacin
2.5. BA Reduces the Profile of Drug Tolerance Caused by Ciprofloxacin
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Bacterial Strains
4.3. Antimicrobial Activity
4.4. SOS Inhibition Assay
4.5. Effect of Betulinic Acid on the Antimicrobial Action of Ciprofloxacin
4.6. Evaluation of Cell Size Changes
4.7. Assessment of Membrane Potential Using Flow Cytometry
4.8. Determination of Mutation Frequency
4.9. Assessment of Bacterial Tolerance to Ciprofloxacin
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
S. aureus Strain | Ciprofloxacin | Ciprofloxacin + BA (100 µg/mL) | Ciprofloxacin + BA (200 µg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
ATCC 6538 | 0.078 μg/mL | 0.039 μg/mL | 0.0195 μg/mL |
432170 | 0.0195 μg/mL | 0.097 μg/mL | 0.00485 μg/mL |
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Carvalho Junior, A.R.; Martins, A.L.d.B.; Cutrim, B.d.S.; Santos, D.M.; Maia, H.S.; Silva, M.S.M.d.; Zagmignan, A.; Silva, M.R.C.; Monteiro, C.d.A.; Guilhon, G.M.S.P.; et al. Betulinic Acid Prevents the Acquisition of Ciprofloxacin-Mediated Mutagenesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2019, 24, 1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091757
Carvalho Junior AR, Martins ALdB, Cutrim BdS, Santos DM, Maia HS, Silva MSMd, Zagmignan A, Silva MRC, Monteiro CdA, Guilhon GMSP, et al. Betulinic Acid Prevents the Acquisition of Ciprofloxacin-Mediated Mutagenesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules. 2019; 24(9):1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091757
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarvalho Junior, Alexsander Rodrigues, Arthur Lima de Berredo Martins, Brenda da Silva Cutrim, Deivid Martins Santos, Hermerson Sousa Maia, Mari Silma Maia da Silva, Adrielle Zagmignan, Maria Raimunda Chagas Silva, Cristina de Andrade Monteiro, Giselle Maria Skelding Pinheiro Guilhon, and et al. 2019. "Betulinic Acid Prevents the Acquisition of Ciprofloxacin-Mediated Mutagenesis in Staphylococcus aureus" Molecules 24, no. 9: 1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091757