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Article

Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation

by
Siwar Ben Ayache
1,2,*,
Emna Behija Saafi
1,
Fathi Emhemmed
2,
Guido Flamini
3,4,
Lotfi Achour
1 and
Christian D. Muller
2,*
1
Research Laboratory “Bioresources, Integrative Biology & Valorization”, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
2
Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
3
Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
4
Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute” Nutrafood, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(14), 3120; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143120
Submission received: 11 June 2020 / Revised: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 / Published: 8 July 2020
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Abstract

The present work describes the volatile compounds profile and phytochemical content of Ceratonia siliqua L. Fifty different components have been identified. Among them, three constituents are shared i.e., 2-methlybutanoic acid, methyl hexanoate and limonene by different common carob preparations: pulp decoction (PD), seeds decoction (SD) and Rob, a sweet syrup extracted from the pulp of the carob pod. Each extract exhibits different volatile aromatic emission profiles. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using three methods, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, producing a dose-dependent response. The IC50, when determined by FRAP, gave the lowest values (0.66 ± 0.01, 0.73 ± 0.05 and 0.55 ± 0.00 mg/mL PD, SD and Rob, respectively). The nociception essay, after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice, demonstrated that Rob, pulp and seeds decoction extracts showed an efficient inhibition of writhes over time, with persistence over 30 min. The SD decoction revealed the highest efficacy in decreasing the writhing reflex (90.3 ± 1.2%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the proapoptotic activity of SD against three human cell line, THP-1, MCF-7 and LOVO, evaluated by flow cytometry, showed a significantly stronger proapoptotic activity on colon cancer (LOVO) than on the other cell lines, a phenomenon known as phenotypic selectivity.
Keywords: Ceratonia siliqua L.; decoction; pulps; seeds; rob; volatiles; phytochemicals; antioxidant; analgesic; proapoptotic activities Ceratonia siliqua L.; decoction; pulps; seeds; rob; volatiles; phytochemicals; antioxidant; analgesic; proapoptotic activities

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ben Ayache, S.; Behija Saafi, E.; Emhemmed, F.; Flamini, G.; Achour, L.; Muller, C.D. Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation. Molecules 2020, 25, 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143120

AMA Style

Ben Ayache S, Behija Saafi E, Emhemmed F, Flamini G, Achour L, Muller CD. Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation. Molecules. 2020; 25(14):3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143120

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ben Ayache, Siwar, Emna Behija Saafi, Fathi Emhemmed, Guido Flamini, Lotfi Achour, and Christian D. Muller. 2020. "Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation" Molecules 25, no. 14: 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143120

APA Style

Ben Ayache, S., Behija Saafi, E., Emhemmed, F., Flamini, G., Achour, L., & Muller, C. D. (2020). Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation. Molecules, 25(14), 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143120

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