Microsphere Polymers in Molecular Imprinting: Current and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microsphere Polymers
3. Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres
3.1. Precipitation Polymerisation
3.2. Controlled/‘Living’ Radical Precipitation Polymerisation (CRPP)
3.2.1. Atom Transfer Radical Precipitation Polymerisation (ATRPP)
3.2.2. Iniferter-induced ‘Living’ Radical Precipitation Polymerisation (ILRPP)
3.2.3. Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Precipitation Polymerisation (RAFTPP)
3.3. Pickering Emulsion Polymerisation
3.4. Suspension Polymerisation
4. Green Aspects in Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- Comparison study. Future investigations to conclude which technique is better still need to be done with the same ratio composition of template:monomer:crosslinker in the same volume and type of solvent.
- Applicability of MIMs as drug delivery systems. MIMs have excellent potential as drug delivery systems because of their selective binding characteristics and their ability to release the template from the matrix. MIMs can also be used as targeting systems for the recognition of large molecules in gene therapy.
- Multiple stimuli-responsive MIMs. As there are thermo-, photo-, and pH-responsive MIMs, it is highly possible to develop multiple stimuli-responsive MIMs. Another environmental variable that can be used as a stimulus is biomolecule-responsive, which is the ability to undergo conformational change in response to signal biomolecules.
- New CRPP methods. Another CRPP could be developed, for example developing nitroxide-mediated precipitation polymerisation (NMPP) by substituting the conventional initiator with a nitroxide compound.
- The Pickering emulsion method can be an option for developing MIMs with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. A double emulsion Pickering method can be developed for compound separation to achieve a greater degree of selectivity and affinity.
- Green strategies. Due to the numerous advantages of MIMs and rapid awareness of the importance of green chemistry, challenges such as how to conduct research and developments with a greener approach were provided for researchers to accomplish.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application | Template | Monomer and Crosslinker | Polymerisation Technique | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selective Drug and Metabolite Recognition | 17β-estradiol | MAA, EGDMA, TRIM | PP | [40,41] |
4-VP, AM, TRIM | ATRPP | [49] | ||
MAA, EGDMA | PE | [50] | ||
Theophylline | MAA, EGDMA, TRIM | PP | [40,41] | |
MAA, DVB | [6] | |||
Caffeine | MAA, EGDMA, TRIM | PP | [40] | |
Naproxen, Diclofenac, Toltrazuril | 4-VP, MAA, HEMA, MAAm, EGDMA, TRIM, DVB | PP | [51] | |
Estradiol (E2) | 4-VP, EGDMA | PP | [52] | |
Kaempferol | 4-VP, EGDMA | PP | [5] | |
Terbutylazine | MAA, EGDMA | PP | [53,54] | |
Enrofloxacine | MAA, HEMA, DVB, EGDMA, TRIM | PP | [55] | |
Nicotine | MAA, TFMAA, DVB | PP | [56] | |
MAA, EDGMA | RAFTPP | [57] | ||
Trans-aconitic acid | MAA, TRIM | PP | [58] | |
l-2-chloromandelic acid | AM, BDDA | PP | [59] | |
Cinchonidine | MAA, HEMA, DVB | PP | [60] | |
Morphine | MAA, TRIM | PP | [61] | |
Cinnamic Acid | AA, DVB | PP | [62] | |
Piperine | AA, EGDMA | PP | [63] | |
Mannose-tryptophan | MMA, DVB | PP | [64] | |
2,4-diamino-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, cyromazine, trimethoprim | MAA, DVB | PP | [65] | |
Sulfamethazine | 4-VP, HEMA, EGDMA | ATRPP | [66] | |
Glutathione | 4-VP, EGDMA | ILRPP | [67] | |
Thymopentin | p-CMS, VI, EGDMA | ILRPP | [68] | |
Vanillin | MAA, EDGMA | RAFTPP | [69] | |
Propranolol | MAA, DVB | PP | [70] | |
MPABA, NIPAAm, EGDMA | RAFTPP | [71] | ||
4-VP, NIPAAm, MPABA, DMAEMA, EGDMA | [72] | |||
MAA, EGDMA | [73] | |||
MAA, HEMA, EGDMA | [74] | |||
Tetracycline | MAA, HEMA, AnHEMA, EGDMA | RAFTPP | [75] | |
MAA, EGDMA | [76] | |||
Quercetin | 2-VP, EGDMA | RAFTPP | [77] | |
Aristolochic Acid I | AA, EGDMA | RAFTPP | [78] | |
Isopropylaminopropanediol | MAA, EGDMA, AIBN | PE | [79] | |
Erythromycin | MAA, EGDMA | SP | [80] | |
YPLG | MAA, EGDMA | SP | [81] | |
Controlled Drug Release | Paclitaxel | MAA, EGDMA | RAFTPP | [82] |
Adhenosine 5′-monophosphate | DMAEM, NIPAAm, MBAM | PE | [79] | |
Vancomycin | HEMA, DEAEMA | PP | [83] | |
Sunitib | MAA | PP | [84] | |
1,4-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-9H-carbazole (CAB1) | MAA, EGDMA | PP | [85] | |
1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine | Macrocyclic | SP | [86] | |
Environmental Contaminants | Tebuconazole | 4-VP, EGDMA | PP | [52] |
Bisphenol A | 4-VP, EGDMA | PP | [52] | |
ATRPP | [1] | |||
PE | [87] | |||
4-VP, MAA, EGDMA, TRIM | PP | [88] | ||
4-VP, DVB | PE | [89] | ||
Monocrotophos | MAA, EGDMA | PP | [90] | |
Difenoconazole | HPMA, EGDMA | PP | [91] | |
Azoxystrobin | HPMA, EGDMA | PP | [92] | |
Carbaryl | MAA, EGDMA | PP | [93] | |
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate | MAA, EGDMA, TRIM | PP | [94] | |
Simetryne | ABA, DVB | PP | [95] | |
Cyhalothrin | AM, EGDMA | PP | [96] | |
Polystyrene | MAA, DVB | PP | [97] | |
p-nitroaniline | IL, EGDMA | PP | [98] | |
Diclofenac | 2-VP, EGDMA | PP | [99] | |
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy- acetic acid | MAzoPy, EGDMA | ATRPP | [100] | |
4-VP, NIPAAm, EGDMA | ILRPP | [101] | ||
4-VP, EGDMA | RAFTPP | [5,8] | ||
4-VP, NIPAAm, EGDMA | [102] | |||
4-VP, HEMA, EGDMA | [103,104] | |||
Pyrazosulfuron- ethyl | MAA, 4-VP, AA, EGDMA, DVB | RAFTPP | [105] | |
MAA, EGDMA | [106] | |||
Sensor | Dipyridamole | MAA, EGDMA | PP | [107] |
Enrofloxacine | MAA, HEMA, DVB, EGDMA | PP | [108] | |
MISPE | 17β-estradiol | 4-VP, EGDMA | PP | [109] |
4-aminopyridine | MAA, EGDMA | SP | [110] | |
Extraction From Natural Ingredients or Food | Curcumin | 4-VP, MAA, MAM, DVB | PP | [111] |
Dimethoate | MAA, MMA, AM, EGDMA | PP | [112] | |
Gallic Acid | AA, EGDMA | PP | [113] | |
Caffeic Acid | 4-VP, DVB | PP | [114] | |
Glutathione | MAA, DVB | PP | [115] | |
Atrazine | MAA, EGDMA | RAFTPP | [116] | |
Matrine | MAA, EGDMA | PE | [117] | |
Melamine | MAA, EGDMA | SP | [118,119] | |
Chloramphenicol | DEAEM, EGDMA | SP | [120] |
Polymerisation Technique | Advantages | Diadvantages |
---|---|---|
Precipitation Polymerisation |
|
|
Controlled/‘living’ radical precipitation polymerisation (CRPP) 2 |
| |
Atom Transfer Radical Precipitation Polymerisation (ATRPP) |
|
|
Iniferter-induced ‘Living’ Radical Precipitation Polymerisation (ILRPP) |
|
|
Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Precipitation Polymerisation (RAFTPP) |
|
|
Pickering Emulsion |
|
|
Suspension Polymerisation |
|
|
Template | Monomer | PP | ATRPP | RAFTPP | PE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binding Affinity | IF | Binding Affinity | IF | Binding Affinity | IF | Binding Affinity | IF | ||
17β-estradiol | MAA | More than 50% analyte [40,41] | 2.3 [40] 4.0 [41] | - | - | - | - | 30–60% analyte [50] | 3.0 [50] |
4-VP | 0.75 mg/g [109] | 4.55 [109] | 180.65 mg/g [49] | 6.67–7.38 [49] | - | - | - | - | |
Nicotine | MAA | Not mention in the article [56] | 10.5 [56] | - | - | Not mention in the article | 3.33 [57] | - | - |
Bisphenol A | 4-VP | Not mention in the article | 3.91 [52] 4.83 [88] | Not mention in the article | 10 [1] | - | - | 1.32 mg/g [87] | 6.5 [87] |
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Orowitz, T.E.; Ana Sombo, P.P.A.A.; Rahayu, D.; Hasanah, A.N. Microsphere Polymers in Molecular Imprinting: Current and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2020, 25, 3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143256
Orowitz TE, Ana Sombo PPAA, Rahayu D, Hasanah AN. Microsphere Polymers in Molecular Imprinting: Current and Future Perspectives. Molecules. 2020; 25(14):3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143256
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrowitz, Tirza Ecclesia, Patria Pari Agnes Ago Ana Sombo, Driyanti Rahayu, and Aliya Nur Hasanah. 2020. "Microsphere Polymers in Molecular Imprinting: Current and Future Perspectives" Molecules 25, no. 14: 3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143256