Optimization of Light Intensity, Temperature, and Nutrients to Enhance the Bioactive Content of Hyperforin and Rutin in St. John’s Wort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Traces of St. John’s Wort Leaf Extracts
2.2. Statistical Model Fitting
2.3. Hyperforin Content
2.4. Rutin Content
2.5. Attaining Optimal Cultivation Conditions for the Contents of Hyperforin and Rutin
2.6. Attaining Optimal Production Yields of Hyperforin and Rutin
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Growing Conditions
3.3. Extraction of Hyperforin, Rutin and Melatonin
3.4. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3.5. HPLC Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the St. John’s wort are available from the authors. |
Run | Independent Variable | Responses | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp X1 (°C) | Light Intensity X2 (μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD) | Nutrient X3 (%) | Hyperforin Content b (Y1) (mg/g) | Rutin Content (Y2) (mg/g) | Melatonin Content (Y3) (μg/g) | |
1 | −1 a (18) | −1 (49) | 0 (50) | 5.653 ± 0.106 | 0.825 ± 0.043 | 0.046 ± 0.040 |
2 | −1 (18) | 0 (98) | −1 (25) | 3.314 ± 0.062 | 2.138 ± 0.038 | 0.048 ± 0.038 |
3 | −1 (18) | 0 (98) | 1 (75) | 2.891 ± 0.072 | 2.474 ± 0.005 | 0.060 ± 0.048 |
4 | −1 (18) | 1 (147) | 0 (50) | 2.865 ± 0.059 | 4.107 ± 0.020 | 0.048 ± 0.039 |
5 | 0 (23) | −1 (49) | −1 (25) | 4.328 ± 0.051 | 0.622 ± 0.024 | 0.059 ± 0.042 |
6 | 0 (23) | −1 (49) | 1 (75) | 3.658 ± 0.074 | 0.537 ± 0.036 | 0.049 ± 0.039 |
7 | 0 (23) | 0 (98) | 0 (50) | 4.840 ± 0.080 | 2.340 ± 0.039 | 0.048 ± 0.039 |
8 | 0 (23) | 0 (98) | 0 (50) | 4.920 ± 0.102 | 2.380 ± 0.050 | 0.052 ± 0.050 |
9 | 0 (23) | 0 (98) | 0 (50) | 4.760 ± 0.055 | 2.300 ± 0.042 | 0.044 ± 0.043 |
10 | 0 (23) | 1 (147) | −1 (25) | 3.528 ± 0.086 | 2.767 ± 0.041 | 0.063 ± 0.039 |
11 | 0 (23) | 1 (147) | 1 (75) | 2.656 ± 0.066 | 2.565 ± 0.031 | 0.073 ± 0.039 |
12 | 1 (28) | −1 (49) | 0 (50) | 3.667 ± 0.072 | 1.379 ± 0.030 | 0.057 ± 0.040 |
13 | 1 (28) | 0 (98) | −1 (25) | 2.636 ± 0.057 | 2.565 ± 0.032 | 0.054 ± 0.039 |
14 | 1 (28) | 0(98) | 1 (75) | 2.990 ± 0.081 | 2.832 ± 0.021 | 0.058 ± 0.039 |
15 | 1 (28) | 1 (147) | 0 (50) | 4.088 ± 0.061 | 3.109 ± 0.023 | 0.052 ± 0.040 |
Source | Hyperforin | Rutin | Melatonin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | p-Value | Sum of Squares | p-Value | Sum of Squares | p-Value | |
Linear | 2.722 | 0.0074 a | 10.572 | 0.0004 a | 0.0001 | 0.3715 b |
Quadratic | 6.63 | 0.0010 a | 1.852 | 0.0227 a | 0.0003 | 0.1387 b |
Crossproduct | 2.735 | 0.0073 a | 0.606 | 0.1588 b | 0.0001 | 0.4395 b |
Total Model | 12.090 | 0.0020 a | 13.032 | 0.0023 a | 0.0006 | 0.2751 b |
R2 = 0.9736 | R2 = 0.9717 | R2 = 0.7608 |
Factor | Hyperforin | Rutin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | p-Value | Sum of Squares | p-Value | |
Temperature (x1) | 4.6490 | 0.0037 a | 1.3564 | 0.0658 |
Light intensity (x2) | 4.7894 | 0.0035 a | 11.8409 | 0.0006 a |
Nutrient concentration (x3) | 5.8379 | 0.0022 a | 0.3170 | 0.4680 |
Run | Independent Variable | Responses (Production Yield b) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp X1 (°C) | Light Intensity X2 (μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD) | Nutrient X3 (%) | Total Weight of Leaves (Y4) (g/plant) | Hyperforin (Y5) (mg/plant) | Rutin (Y6) (mg/plant) | |
1 | −1a (18) | −1 (49) | 0 (50) | 0.709 ± 0.130 | 4.007 ± 0.734 | 0.584 ± 0.107 |
2 | −1 (18) | 0 (98) | −1 (25) | 0.762 ± 0.098 | 2.525 ± 0.324 | 1.629 ± 0.209 |
3 | −1 (18) | 0 (98) | 1 (75) | 0.860 ± 0.095 | 2.486 ± 0.274 | 2.127 ± 0.235 |
4 | −1 (18) | 1 (147) | 0 (50) | 0.665 ± 0.055 | 1.905 ± 0.157 | 2.731 ± 0.225 |
5 | 0 (23) | −1 (49) | −1 (25) | 0.531 ± 0.176 | 2.298 ± 0.762 | 0.330 ± 0.109 |
6 | 0 (23) | −1 (49) | 1 (75) | 0.827 ± 0.228 | 3.025 ± 0.834 | 0.444 ± 0.122 |
7 | 0 (23) | 0 (98) | 0 (50) | 1.160 ± 0.167 | 5.614 ± 0.808 | 2.714 ± 0.390 |
8 | 0 (23) | 0 (98) | 0 (50) | 1.046 ± 0.196 | 5.146 ± 0.964 | 2.489 ± 0.466 |
9 | 0 (23) | 0 (98) | 0 (50) | 1.010 ± 0.061 | 4.807 ± 0.290 | 2.323 ± 0.140 |
10 | 0 (23) | 1 (147) | −1 (25) | 0.535 ± 0.059 | 1.887 ± 0.208 | 1.480 ± 0.163 |
11 | 0 (23) | 1 (147) | 1 (75) | 1.201 ± 0.122 | 3.189 ± 0.324 | 3.080 ± 0.312 |
12 | 1 (28) | −1 (49) | 0 (50) | 0.919 ± 0.121 | 3.369 ± 0.443 | 1.267 ± 0.166 |
13 | 1 (28) | 0 (98) | −1 (25) | 0.561 ± 0.121 | 1.478 ± 0.318 | 1.438 ± 0.310 |
14 | 1 (28) | 0(98) | 1 (75) | 1.102 ± 0.135 | 3.294 ± 0.403 | 3.120 ± 0.382 |
15 | 1 (28) | 1 (147) | 0 (50) | 1.033 ± 0.099 | 4.222 ± 0.404 | 3.211 ± 0.307 |
Independent Variable | Symbol | Coded Variable Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Temperature (°C) | X1 | 18 | 23 | 28 |
Light intensity (μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD) | X2 | 49 | 98 | 147 |
Nutrient (%) | X3 | 25 | 50 | 75 |
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Kuo, C.-H.; Chou, Y.-C.; Liao, K.-C.; Shieh, C.-J.; Deng, T.-S. Optimization of Light Intensity, Temperature, and Nutrients to Enhance the Bioactive Content of Hyperforin and Rutin in St. John’s Wort. Molecules 2020, 25, 4256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184256
Kuo C-H, Chou Y-C, Liao K-C, Shieh C-J, Deng T-S. Optimization of Light Intensity, Temperature, and Nutrients to Enhance the Bioactive Content of Hyperforin and Rutin in St. John’s Wort. Molecules. 2020; 25(18):4256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184256
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuo, Chia-Hung, Yi-Chin Chou, Kuo-Chun Liao, Chwen-Jen Shieh, and Tzu-Shing Deng. 2020. "Optimization of Light Intensity, Temperature, and Nutrients to Enhance the Bioactive Content of Hyperforin and Rutin in St. John’s Wort" Molecules 25, no. 18: 4256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184256