Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of an Unsaturated Polyester Modified with Kaolinite–Urea Intercalation Complexes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of Kaolinite and KUIC
2.2. Flame Retardancy
2.3. Mechanical Properties
2.4. Cone Calorimeter Test
2.5. Thermal Degradation
2.6. Morphology of Residual Char
2.7. Flame Retardant Mechanism
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation KUIC of UP/APP/KUIC Composites
3.3. Testing
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Kaolinite/cm−1 | KUIC/cm−1 | FTIR of Vibration Properties |
---|---|---|
- | 3460 | symmetric stretching modes of -N-H |
3416 | stretching mode of -O-H | |
- | 3358 | asymmetric stretching modes of -N-H |
1673 | stretching mode of -C=O | |
- | 1631 | deformation vibration of -N-H |
- | 1452 | stretching vibration of -C-N |
1099 | 1099 | deformation vibration of -Si-O |
Sample | ω(APP)/% | ω(Kaolinite)/% | ω(KUIC)/% | LOI/% | Δ(LOI)/% | EFF | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UP-1 | - | - | - | 21.0 | - | - | - |
UP-3 | 15 | - | - | 26.2 | 5.2 | 0.35 | - |
UP-6 | 12 | 3 | - | 27.3 | 6.3 | 0.42 | 1.20 |
UP-7 | 14 | - | 1 | 26.5 | 5.5 | 0.37 | 1.06 |
UP-8 | 13 | - | 2 | 27.1 | 6.1 | 0.41 | 1.17 |
UP-9 | 12 | - | 3 | 28.0 | 7.0 | 0.47 | 1.34 |
UP-10 | 11 | - | 4 | 28.3 | 7.3 | 0.49 | 1.40 |
UP-1 | UP-3 | UP-6 | UP-9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
peak HRR/kW·m−2 | 361.2 ± 1.6 | 240.7 ± 3.7 | 225.9 ± 2.5 | 205.4 ± 1.9 |
THR/MJ | 103751 ± 45 | 69125 ± 23 | 67178 ± 51 | 66114 ± 37 |
peak SPR/m2·s−1 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.03 |
TSP/m2·kg−1 | 197.5 ± 4.1 | 190.2 ± 3.4 | 161.2 ± 1.7 | 121.7 ± 2.1 |
CO yield/% | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.03 |
CO2 yield/% | 1.50 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 015 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.10 |
No. | IDT /°C | IPDT /°C | WL /% | CY /% | Tmax /°C | Rmax %/min |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UP-1 | 321 | 364 | 78.0 | 9.1 | 359 | 0.51 |
UP-3 | 252 | 375 | 69.1 | 20.6 | 359 | 0.35 |
UP-6 | 305 | 380 | 65.6 | 22.1 | 351 | 0.33 |
UP-9 | 310 | 386 | 62.8 | 24.5 | 378 | 0.36 |
No. | UP/phr | Curing agent/phr | Accelerator/phr | APP/phr | Kaolinite/phr | KUIC/phr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UP-1 | 94 | 3 | 3 | - | - | - |
UP-2 | 84.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 10 | - | - |
UP-3 | 79.9 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 15 | - | - |
UP-4 | 75.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 20 | - | - |
UP-5 | 70.5 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 25 | - | - |
UP-6 | 79.9 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 12 | 3 | - |
UP-7 | 79.9 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 14 | - | 1 |
UP-8 | 79.9 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 13 | - | 2 |
UP-9 | 79.9 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 12 | - | 3 |
UP-10 | 79.9 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 11 | - | 4 |
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Yue, L.; Li, J.; Zhou, X.; Sun, Y.; Gao, M.; Zhu, T.; Zhang, X.; Feng, T.; Shi, Z.; Liu, Y. Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of an Unsaturated Polyester Modified with Kaolinite–Urea Intercalation Complexes. Molecules 2020, 25, 4731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204731
Yue L, Li J, Zhou X, Sun Y, Gao M, Zhu T, Zhang X, Feng T, Shi Z, Liu Y. Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of an Unsaturated Polyester Modified with Kaolinite–Urea Intercalation Complexes. Molecules. 2020; 25(20):4731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204731
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Lina, Junfei Li, Xuan Zhou, Yingjuan Sun, Ming Gao, Taohua Zhu, Xiaoqian Zhang, Teng Feng, Zhanhong Shi, and Yongchun Liu. 2020. "Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of an Unsaturated Polyester Modified with Kaolinite–Urea Intercalation Complexes" Molecules 25, no. 20: 4731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204731