Transport of N-CD and Pre-Sorbed Pb in Saturated Porous Media
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Properties of N-CDs
2.2. N-CD Aggregation and N-CD-Quartz Interactions
2.3. Pb Adsorption on N-CD and Quartz Surface
2.4. Impact of N-Functionalization on the CD Transport and Pb Transport
2.5. Effects of Environmental Factors on N-CDs and r-Pb Transport
2.5.1. Effects of Ionic Strength and Cation Type
2.5.2. Effects of pH
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Preparation of N-CDs
3.2. Characterization of N-CDs
3.3. Porous Media
3.4. Column Transport Experiments
3.5. Batch Experiments
3.6. Derjaguin, Landau, Vervey, and Overbeek (DLVO) Theory
4. Conclusions and Prospective
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
pH | IS (mM NaCl) | IS (mM CaCl2) | N-CDs Zeta Potential-mV (±2.5) | CDs Zeta Potential-mV (±2.5) | N-CD Hydrodynamic Diameter-nm (±5) | CD Hydrodynamic Diameter-nm (±5) | Quartz Grains Zeta Potential-mV (±2.5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 1 | 0 | −21.6 | −24.2 | 44.3 | 39.3 | −40 |
6 | 1 | 0 | −26.2 | −29.6 | 30.7 | 24.6 | −65 |
9 | 1 | 0 | −33.5 | −38.6 | 19.4 | 17.5 | −80 |
6 | 50 | 0 | −21.5 | −25.1 | 67.1 | 64.9 | −51.6 |
6 | 100 | 0 | −15.8 | −19.2 | 75.2 | 71.3 | −44.6 |
4 | 0 | 1 | −14.5 | −16.9 | 51.1 | 45.4 | −37.5 |
9 | 0 | 1 | −28.2 | −33.8 | 25.5 | 21.3 | −75.3 |
6 | 0 | 1 | −21 | −26.3 | 36.3 | 30.8 | −61.2 |
6 | 0 | 50 | −10.2 | −12 | 121.5 | 113.6 | −45.1 |
6 | 0 | 100 | −8.6 | −9.1 | 136.6 | 128.2 | −37.2 |
Materials | Exp. Conditions | Recovered Nanoparticles (%) | Total Effluent Pb (%) | Recovered Pb after Nanoparticles Injection (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
N-CD (50mg/L, Pb: 10 mg/L) | 1 mM NaCl, pH 6 | 93.3 | 63.1 | 56.9 |
1 mM CaCl2, pH 6 | 91.1 | 58.2 | 53.4 | |
50 mM NaCl, pH 6 | 76.4 | 39.7 | 33.5 | |
50 mM CaCl2, pH 6 | 62.7 | 33.1 | 28.3 | |
100 mM NaCl, pH 6 | 65.2 | 27.8 | 21.6 | |
100 mM CaCl2, pH 6 | 48.5 | 16.1 | 11.3 | |
1 mM NaCl, pH 4 | 82.6 | 27.1 | 20.9 | |
1 mM CaCl2, pH 4 | 74.4 | 13.5 | 8.7 | |
1 mM NaCl, pH 9 | 98.2 | 31.7 | 25.5 | |
1 mM CaCl2, pH 9 | 98.4 | 17.9 | 13.1 | |
Carbon Dot (CD: 50 mg/L) | 1 mM NaCl, Ph 6 | 96.1 | 56.8 | 50.6 |
1 mM CaCl2, pH 6 | 94.6 | 51.4 | 46.6 | |
Effluent Pb (before nanoparticles injection) | 1 mM NaCl, pH 6 | - | 6.2 | - |
Effluent Pb (before nanoparticles injection) | 1 mM CaCl2, pH 6 | - | 4.8 | - |
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Kamrani, S.; Amiri, V.; Kamrani, M.; Baalousha, M. Transport of N-CD and Pre-Sorbed Pb in Saturated Porous Media. Molecules 2020, 25, 5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235518
Kamrani S, Amiri V, Kamrani M, Baalousha M. Transport of N-CD and Pre-Sorbed Pb in Saturated Porous Media. Molecules. 2020; 25(23):5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235518
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamrani, Salahaddin, Vahab Amiri, Mosleh Kamrani, and Mohammed Baalousha. 2020. "Transport of N-CD and Pre-Sorbed Pb in Saturated Porous Media" Molecules 25, no. 23: 5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235518