Combined OX40 Agonist and PD-1 Inhibitor Immunotherapy Improves the Efficacy of Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in a Urothelial Tumor Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Combination of PD-1 Blockade and OX40 Agonism with VTP Therapy Suppresses Tumor Growth and Prolongs Survival
2.2. Combination Therapy with VTP Followed by PD-1 Inhibitor and OX40 Agonist Treatment Enhances T Cell Infiltration into Urothelial Tumor Tissue
2.3. Combined PD-1 Inhibitor/OX40 Agonist Immunotherapy Diminishes Immunosuppression in VTP-Treated Tumors
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Cell Culture and Tumor Model
3.2. WST11-VTP and Immunomodulatory Treatment and Tumor Follow-Up
3.3. Immunohistochemistry
3.4. Flow Cytometry
3.5. Statistical Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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GROUPS | PD-1 | OX40 | PD-1+OX40 | VTP | VTP+PD-1 | VTP+OX40 | VTP+OX40+PD-1 | CONTROL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INTERVENTION | ||||||||
Antibody anti OX-40 | X | X | X | X | ||||
Antibody anti-PD-1 | X | X | X | X | ||||
VTP * | X | X | X | X | ||||
NO INTERVENTION | X |
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Alvim, R.G.; Georgala, P.; Nogueira, L.; Somma, A.J.; Nagar, K.; Thomas, J.; Alvim, L.; Riegel, A.; Hughes, C.; Chen, J.; et al. Combined OX40 Agonist and PD-1 Inhibitor Immunotherapy Improves the Efficacy of Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in a Urothelial Tumor Model. Molecules 2021, 26, 3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123744
Alvim RG, Georgala P, Nogueira L, Somma AJ, Nagar K, Thomas J, Alvim L, Riegel A, Hughes C, Chen J, et al. Combined OX40 Agonist and PD-1 Inhibitor Immunotherapy Improves the Efficacy of Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in a Urothelial Tumor Model. Molecules. 2021; 26(12):3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123744
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlvim, Ricardo G., Petrina Georgala, Lucas Nogueira, Alexander J. Somma, Karan Nagar, Jasmine Thomas, Laura Alvim, Amelia Riegel, Christopher Hughes, Jie Chen, and et al. 2021. "Combined OX40 Agonist and PD-1 Inhibitor Immunotherapy Improves the Efficacy of Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in a Urothelial Tumor Model" Molecules 26, no. 12: 3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123744