Salt Stress Mitigation via the Foliar Application of Chitosan-Functionalized Selenium and Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Cs–Se NPs and TiO2 NPs on Plant Growth Parameters
2.2. Effect of Cs–Se NPs and TiO2 NPs on Photosynthetic Pigments, Net Photosynthetic Rate (Pn) and Maximum Quantum Efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm)
2.3. Effect of Cs–Se NPs and TiO2 NPs on Proline Content and RWC
2.4. Effect of Cs–Se NPs and TiO2 NPs on Leaf Content of MDA and H2O2, as Well as Electrolyte Leakage
2.5. Effect of Cs–Se NPs and TiO2 NPs on Total Phenolics Content and DPPH Scavenging Activity
2.6. Effect of Cs–Se NPs and TiO2 NPs on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity
2.7. Effect of Cs–Se NPs and TiO2 NPs on Essential Oil Content, as Well as Stevioside and Rebaudioside A Content
2.8. Heat Map Clustering and Principal Component Analysis of the Examined Parameters
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Selenium Functionalized Using Chitosan Nanoparticles
4.2. Plant Material and Treatments
4.3. Plant Growth and Relative Water Content (RWC) in Leaves
4.4. Photosynthetic Pigments, Gas Exchange Capacity and Chlorophyll Fluorescence
4.5. Proline, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Contents and Electrolyte Leakage (EL)
4.6. Antioxidant Enzymes
4.7. Extraction and Quantification of Total Phenolics Content and Radical Scavenging Activity (DPPH)
4.8. Stevioside, Rebaudioside A and Essential Oil Contents
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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NaCl (mM) | Treatments | Shoot Height (cm) | Root Height cm) | Shoot FW (g) | Shoot DW (g) | Root FW (g) | Root DW (g) | Chl a (mg g−1 FW) | Chl b (mg g−1 FW) | Total Chl (mg g−1 FW) | Carotenoids (mg g−1 FW) | Fv/Fm | Pn (μmol m−2 s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Treatment | 46.72 ± 1.74 ab | 17.06 ± 0.40 a | 107.99 ± 4.50 a | 20.09 ± 0.67 a | 30.08 ± 0.17 a | 5.86 ± 0.04 a | 6.39 ± 0.18 a | 0.814 ± 0.012 a | 7.21 ± 0.18 a | 5.91 ± 0.12 a | 0.775 ± 0.010 b | 9.23 ± 0.04 c | |
TiO2 NPs 100 mg L−1 | 46.93 ± 2.64 ab | 17.56 ± 0.21 a | 107.88 ± 6.12 a | 20.11 ± 0.94 a | 30.15 ± 0.23 a | 5.93 ± 0.03 a | 6.50 ± 0.21 a | 0.835 ± 0.011 a | 7.33 ± 0.22 a | 5.93 ± 0.05 a | 0.778 ± 0.006 b | 9.38 ± 0.01 ab | |
0 | TiO2 NPs200 mg L−1 | 48.11 ± 0.74 a | 17.23 ± 0.45 a | 107.75 ± 6.74 a | 20.12 ± 1.11 a | 30.16 ± 0.30 a | 5.92 ± 0.06 a | 6.44 ± 0.18 a | 0.819 ± 0.006 a | 7.26 ± 0.18 a | 5.89 ± 0.13 a | 0.772 ± 0.007 b | 9.32 ± 0.01 bc |
Cs–Se NPs 10 mg L−1 | 46.80 ± 1.72 ab | 17.55 ± 0.32 a | 107.69 ± 3.69 a | 20.15 ± 0.91 a | 29.92 ± 1.57 a | 5.89 ± 0.28 a | 6.48 ± 0.29 a | 0.819 ± 0.003 a | 7.29 ± 0.29 a | 5.90 ± 0.09 a | 0.776 ± 0.003 b | 9.39 ± 0.06 ab | |
Cs–Se NPs 20 mg L−1 | 47.81 ± 1.49 a | 17.65 ± 0.23 a | 108.37 ± 1.82 a | 20.30 ± 0.45 a | 30.97 ± 0.41 a | 6.12 ± 0.10 a | 6.59 ± 0.14 a | 0.836 ± 0.012 a | 7.43 ± 0.13 a | 5.97 ± 0.09 a | 0.789 ± 0.004 a | 9.48 ± 0.02 a | |
No Treatment | 37.67 ± 1.57 e | 13.67 ± 0.23 c | 74.87 ± 3.44 d | 14.38 ± 0.41 c | 24.60 ± 0.41 c | 4.86 ± 0.08 c | 4.83 ± 0.09 e | 0.710 ± 0.008 d | 5.54 ± 0.08 d | 5.27 ± 0.05 d | 0.741 ± 0.000 e | 8.41 ± 0.03 g | |
TiO2 NPs 100 mg L−1 | 44.29 ± 0.84 bcd | 15.01 ± 0.15 b | 84.31 ± 2.49 bc | 16.48 ± 0.26 b | 26.15 ± 0.21 bc | 5.18 ± 0.03 bc | 5.43 ± 0.08 bc | 0.739 ± 0.008 b | 6.17 ± 0.09 b | 5.67 ± 0.07 b | 0.752 ± 0.001 d | 8.78 ± 0.03 e | |
50 | TiO2 NPs 200 mg L−1 | 41.60 ± 1.94 d | 14.13 ± 0.25 c | 79.11 ± 0.77 cd | 14.43 ± 1.00 c | 25.49 ± 1.42 bc | 5.06 ± 0.29 bc | 5.08 ± 0.11 de | 0.732 ± 0.010 bc | 5.81 ± 0.12 c | 5.34 ± 0.05 cd | 0.754 ± 0.002 d | 8.58 ± 0.06 f |
Cs–Se NPs 10 mg L−1 | 42.66 ± 1.56 cd | 14.12 ± 0.48 c | 81.60 ± 1.83 cd | 16.04 ± 0.50 bc | 25.16 ± 1.06 bc | 4.97 ± 0.24 bc | 5.19 ± 0.11 cd | 0.715 ± 0.004 cd | 5.90 ± 0.11 c | 5.44 ± 0.08 c | 0.758 ± 0.000 cd | 8.62 ± 0.03 f | |
Cs–Se NPs 20 mg L−1 | 45.83 ± 1.17 abc | 15.16 ± 0.10 b | 89.41 ± 1.66 b | 17.51 ± 0.16 b | 26.50 ± 0.73 b | 5.23 ± 0.14 b | 5.50 ± 0.19 b | 0.730 ± 0.001 bcd | 6.23 ± 0.19 b | 5.65 ± 0.11 b | 0.767 ± 0.004 bc | 8.93 ± 0.04 d | |
No Treatment | 27.64 ± 1.70 h | 10.67 ± 0.19 f | 40.31 ± 0.86 f | 7.21 ± 0.28 e | 14.66 ± 0.48 e | 2.89 ± 0.04 e | 3.41 ± 0.08 h | 0.623 ± 0.006 f | 4.04 ± 0.07 g | 4.61 ± 0.02 g | 0.655 ± 0.004 i | 7.16 ± 0.04 l | |
TiO2 NPs 100 mg L−1 | 33.41 ± 0.14 fg | 12.03 ± 0.14 de | 48.42 ± 1.10 e | 9.48 ± 0.40 d | 16.41 ± 0.69 d | 3.25 ± 0.14 d | 3.82 ± 0.02 fg | 0.678 ± 0.001 e | 4.50 ± 0.02 ef | 4.96 ± 0.03 e | 0.717 ± 0.005 g | 7.67 ± 0.04 i | |
100 | TiO2 NPs200 mg L−1 | 30.45 ± 0.88 gh | 11.68 ± 0.05 e | 43.50 ± 0.57 ef | 8.76 ± 0.29 de | 15.75 ± 0.50 e | 3.13 ± 0.11 de | 3.62 ± 0.01 gh | 0.643 ± 0.014 f | 4.27 ± 0.02 fg | 4.76 ± 0.03 fg | 0.686 ± 0.005 h | 7.42 ± 0.03 k |
Cs–Se NPs 10 mg L−1 | 30.68 ± 0.60 gh | 12.19 ± 0.09 de | 42.80 ± 0.42 ef | 8.73 ± 0.52 de | 15.92 ± 0.20 de | 3.19 ± 0.04 de | 3.75 ± 0.03 g | 0.668 ± 0.013 e | 4.42 ± 0.04 f | 4.79 ± 0.03 f | 0.665 ± 0.004 i | 7.53 ± 0.05 j | |
Cs–Se NPs 20 mg L−1 | 34.10 ± 0.14 f | 12.31 ± 0.08 d | 48.24 ± 0.86 e | 9.45 ± 0.74 d | 16.57 ± 0.61 d | 3.34 ± 0.10 d | 4.03 ± 0.05 f | 0.675 ± 0.013 e | 4.70 ± 0.04 e | 5.05 ± 0.03 e | 0.730 ± 0.006 f | 7.78 ± 0.05 h |
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Sheikhalipour, M.; Esmaielpour, B.; Gohari, G.; Haghighi, M.; Jafari, H.; Farhadi, H.; Kulak, M.; Kalisz, A. Salt Stress Mitigation via the Foliar Application of Chitosan-Functionalized Selenium and Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Molecules 2021, 26, 4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134090
Sheikhalipour M, Esmaielpour B, Gohari G, Haghighi M, Jafari H, Farhadi H, Kulak M, Kalisz A. Salt Stress Mitigation via the Foliar Application of Chitosan-Functionalized Selenium and Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Molecules. 2021; 26(13):4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134090
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheikhalipour, Morteza, Behrooz Esmaielpour, Gholamreza Gohari, Maryam Haghighi, Hessam Jafari, Habib Farhadi, Muhittin Kulak, and Andrzej Kalisz. 2021. "Salt Stress Mitigation via the Foliar Application of Chitosan-Functionalized Selenium and Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)" Molecules 26, no. 13: 4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134090