Recent Progress in Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanostructures in the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction to the Metal–Organic Framework
- Solvothermal or hydrothermal: in this process, crystals are allowed to grow smoothly over the course of hours to days from a hot solution.
- Microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis: in this method, microwaves can be used to nucleate MOF crystals rapidly from a solution.
- Chemical vapor deposition method: this is a solvent-free method for the synthesis of MOFs. In this method, initially, metal oxide precursor layers are deposited, followed by exposing to sublimed ligand molecules, which induces a phase transformation to the MOF crystal lattice.
- Post-synthetic modification of MOFs:
2. Volatile Organic Compounds
2.1. Sources and Effect of VOCs
2.2. Classification of VOCs
- A.
- Very Volatile Organic Compounds (VVOCs):
- B.
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
- C.
- Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs):
2.3. Removal of VOCs
3. Some Metal–Organic Frameworks:
- A
- ZIF-8 is 2-methylimadizole zinc salt of general chemical formula C8H10N4Zn. The ZIF-8 is Zn(MeIM)2. Here, MeIM is 2-methylimidazolate. The ZIF-8 is composed of zinc atom bonded with 2-methylimidazolate ligands with large cavities (11.4 Å) and small pore (3.4 Å) structures (Figure 1a [62]). The different SEM image of different ZIF structures [63] are shown in the Figure 2.
- B
- Cu-BTC is copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate with a chemical formula of [Cu3(btc)2] or C16H6Cu3O12. Here, btc is 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate. It is commercially available. It consists of three distinct cages: one small octahedral cage with a pore window of 2.0 Å and pore radius of 5.2 Å. Another larger cage is the cuboctahedral cage with a pore radius of 6.1 Å connected by a pore aperture of 2.6 Å radius (Figure 1b).
3.1. MOF-Derived Nanomaterials for the Removal of VOCs
3.2. Some Common VOCs and their Removal
- Removal of propane and butane:
- Removal of methyl chloride:
- Removal of ethanol:
- Removal of methanol:
- Removal of formaldehyde:
- Removal of formic acid:
- Removal of acetone:
- Removal of carbon monoxide:
- Removal of toluene:
- Removal of xylene:
- Removal of styrene:
4. Challenges and Future Prospects of MOF-NMs
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BDC | 1:4-Benzenedicarboxylate |
BTC | 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid |
BTEX | Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene |
COF | Covalent organic framework |
DDT | Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
FID | Flame ionization detector |
LFSE | Ligand field stabilization energy |
MOF | Metal–organic framework |
PAH | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
PBB | Polybrominated biphenyl |
PCB | Polychlorinated biphenyl |
PCPs | Porous coordination polymer |
PET | Polyethylene terephthalate |
PM | Particulate matter |
PVC | Polyvinyl chloride |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SOA | Secondary organic aerosol |
SVOC | Semi-volatile organic compounds |
TCD | Thermal conductivity detector |
UiO | University of Oslo |
VOC | Volatile organic compound |
VVOC | Very volatile organic compounds |
WHO | World Health Organization |
ZIF | Zeolite imidazolate framework |
ZIF-8 | Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 |
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SN | VOCs | Sources | Removal Method | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Acetaldehyde | Photochemical production | Using carbide-derived carbon | [49] |
2 | Acetone and toluene | Oxidation of fuels, biomass burning, geochemical process | Using ball-milled biochar | [50,51] |
3 | Benzene | Traffic and various industries | ZnO NPs coated on zeolite and activated carbons | [52] |
4 | Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs), e.g., monochloromethane, dichloremethane, trichloromethane, etc. | Gas streams | Using activated carbon | [53] |
5 | Ethyl acetate, isopropanol, acetone | hydoxyapaptites | [54] | |
6 | Formaldehyde and toluene | Photochemical production | Photocatalytic decomposition using SnO2 photocatalyst | [55] |
7 | Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) | Motor fuel additive | Using activated carbon | [44] |
8 | Toluene | Petrochemical production | Photocatalytic oxidation of toluene to CO2 and H2O | [56] |
9 | Toluene | Using Pd supported hierarchical alumina microsphere catalyst | [57] | |
10 | Toluene | Using Fe-MOFs as both an adsorbent and photocatalyst | [58] | |
11 | Toluene | Toluene capture by using imidazolium-based ionic liquids | [59] | |
12 | Toluene | Visible-light-sensitive photocatalytic decomposition of toluene using WO3-deposited Pt | [60] | |
13 | Toluene | Solar photocatalytic oxidation of toluene using Co-doped TiO2 | [61] |
SN | VOCs | Types of Nanomaterials | Efficacy | Preparation Method | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Acetone | Au/ZnO NPs | Gas sensing response of 17.1 ppm–1 | Calcination of ZIF-8 | [92] | |
3 | Benzene | ZnO NPs-coated zeolite and AC | Detection limit of 3 ppb | By coating ZnO NPs and AC on zeolite | [52] | |
4 | Benzene | MnO2/ZSM-5 zeolite | Benzene can be removed completely. CO2 selectivity reached to 84.7% | Impregnation of metal oxide on ZSM-5 | [102] | |
6 | Carbon monoxide | Co3O4 | - | Sacrificial removal of MOFs | [93] | |
7 | Carbon monoxide | Mn-MIL-100-derived Mn2O3 nonporous | - | Calcination of MOFs at 700 °C. | [84] | |
9 | Ethanol | Pd/SnO2 NPs on MOF-derived carbon | - | Microwave-assisted method | [87] | |
10 | Formaldehyde | PdO NPs-decorated ZnO/ZnCo2O4 microsphere | Detection limit of 0.2 ppm | Prussian-blue-based co-precipitation using MOF (Zn3[Co(CN)6]2) | [89] | |
11 | Formic acid | N-doped C-anchored Pd NPs | Turn over frequency of the catalyst at 30 °C is 1166 h–1. | Wet chemical method using ZIF-8 | [91] | |
12 | Methanol | Pt NPs and amorphous Ni supported 3D mesoporous C | Diverse selectivity on nitrophenol | Carbonization and chemical etching of Cu-MOF | [88] | |
13 | Naphthalene | CeO2 | - | Homogeneous precipitation method with urea | [103] | |
14 | Propane Toluene | Mesoporous α-Fe2O3 | - | Wet chemical synthesis | [104] | |
15 | Propane | Co-BTC | - | Hydrothermal method | [86] | |
16 | Styrene | Pd/UiO-66-NH2 | Highest conversion (87%) of styrene and best selectivity (96.5%) in acetonitrile | Solution impregnation method | [98] | |
17 | Styrene | Ag/UiO-66 | - | Colloidal deposition method | [100] | |
18 | Toluene | Hierarchical porous carbon | Adsorption performance of 2290 m2/g | Microbial lignocellulose decomposition | [105] | |
19 | Toluene | Mn2O3 | - | Pyrolysis of MOFs containing Mn salts | [95] | |
20 | Toluene | Ag/UiO-66 | - | Liquid phase reduction | [97] | |
21 | Toluene | MnOx-CeO2-MOF derived from MOF | - | In situ pyrolysis of MOF-74 | [85] | |
22 | Toluene | Hollow Co3O4 polyhedral nanocages | Complete conversion of toluene was observed at 280 °C | Pyrolysis of ZIF-67 MOFs | [94] | |
23 | Xylene isomers | Cyclodextrin-alkali metal salt MOFs MIL-101 (Cr) | The equilibrium capacities of o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene are 175, 70, and 64 mg/g, respectively | Wet chemical method | [99] | |
24 | Toluene and CO | CuCeZr700 | CuCeZr700 exhibited 100% of CO oxidation at 140 °C and 90% toluene oxidation at 310 °C | Direct decomposition of UiO-66 MOFs in air | [96] |
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Bhattarai, D.P.; Pant, B.; Acharya, J.; Park, M.; Ojha, G.P. Recent Progress in Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanostructures in the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds. Molecules 2021, 26, 4948. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164948
Bhattarai DP, Pant B, Acharya J, Park M, Ojha GP. Recent Progress in Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanostructures in the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds. Molecules. 2021; 26(16):4948. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164948
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhattarai, Deval Prasad, Bishweshwar Pant, Jiwan Acharya, Mira Park, and Gunendra Prasad Ojha. 2021. "Recent Progress in Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanostructures in the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds" Molecules 26, no. 16: 4948. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164948