Anthracene and Pyrene Biodegradation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Consortium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characteristics of Seawater at Sampling Location
2.2. Marine Sponge Morphology
2.3. Isolation and Phenotypic Characteristics of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria
2.4. Genotypic Analysis of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria
2.5. Biodegradation of PAH Components
2.5.1. Evaluating PAH Biodegradation Performance of the Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacterial Consortium
2.5.2. Analysis of the Biodegradation Performance of Anthracene and Pyrene PAHs by Marine Sponge Symbiont Consortium
2.5.3. Functional Groups of Biodegradation Products
2.6. Comparison of the Biodegradation of Anthracene and Pyrene by the Marine Sponge Symbiont Consortium Bacteria
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Sampling Point Characterization
4.3. Marine Sponge Morphology
4.4. Isolation and Phenotypic Analysis of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria
4.5. Genotypic Analysis of the Bacterial Isolate
4.6. Biodegradation Interactions and Evaluation of the Processes
4.6.1. Interaction of Biodegradation Components
4.6.2. Parameters of Biodegradation of PAHs by Bacteria
4.6.3. Biodegradation Performance of PAHs by the Bacterial Consortium
4.6.4. Detection of Functional Groups for Identification of Biodegradation Products of PAHs by Bacteria Consortium
4.7. Comparison of Biodegradation Rates of Anthracene and Pyrene
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Sample Code | Coordinate | Salinity (‰) | Temperature ((°C) | pH | TDS (mg/L) | EC (ds/m) | Depth MSL (m) | Distance from the Beach (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp1 | 5°6′ 38, 12376″ S | 28.3 | 29.4 | 7.47 | 7.41 | 14.46 | 3.20 | 200 |
119° 17′70, 76544″ E | ||||||||
Sp2 | 5°6′ 11, 62476″ S | 28.1 | 30.9 | 7.69 | 7.21 | 14.20 | 3.74 | 250 |
119° 17′60, 06228″ E | ||||||||
Sp3 | 5°6′ 23, 55372″ S | 27.3 | 30.3 | 7.70 | 7.50 | 12.87 | 4.25 | 370 |
190° 20′27, 62376″ E |
Parameters | Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Isolate | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sp1 (Niphates sp.) | Sp2 (Hyrtios erectus) | Sp3 (Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardtii) | |
Morphology | jagged stem shape, cream color, clustered distribution, endospore is less clear | jagged stem shape, brown color, separate distribution with endospores | round shape, bluish-cream color, clustered distribution, endospores are less clear |
Gram staining | reaction (−) with safranin reagent and (−) with 1% KOH alkaline solvent, Gram (+) | fixed color with safranin reagent and (−) with 1% KOH alkaline solvent, Gram (+) | reaction (−) with safranin and (−) with 1% KOH alkaline solvent, Gram (+) |
Indole test | − | − | + |
Triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) | + | + | − |
Nitrate test | + | + | − |
Simmons citrate test | − | + | + |
Methyl red (Mr) test | − | + | + |
Voges–Proskauer (VP) test | + | − | + |
Urease test | + | + | + |
Provisional guess | Bacillus group | Pseudomonas group | Acinetobacter group |
Bacterial Isolate | Sequence Samples | Range Sequence Gen-Bank | Identities Quality (%) | Gaps (%) | Species Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp1-Bc | 15–967 (952) | 710,748–711,700 (952) | 922/956 (96.44) | 6/956 (0.63) | Bacillus pumilus strain GLB197 |
Sp2-Ps | 14–975 (961) | 3,666,632–3,667,587 (955) | 890/974 (91.14) | 30/974 (3.08) | Pseudomonas stutzeri strain SLG510A3-8 |
Sp3-Ac | 9–961 (952) | 12–964 (952) | 951/954 (99.69) | 2/954 (0.21) | Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain SLCDA976 |
Biodegradation Parameters | Interaction Period (Days) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | |
Turbidity of interaction media (NTU) | 1.01 | 6.56 | 12.82 | 17.62 | 24.83 | 26.43 |
Temperature (°C) | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 |
pH | 6.67 | 6.68 | 6.13 | 6.10 | 6.06 | 6.43 |
Abundance of gas bubbles | nt | nt | + | ++ | ++ | + |
Fermentation smell | nt | nt | √ | √√ | √√ | √√ |
Peak Number | Retention Time | Comp. Peak Height (106) | Quality (%) | Total Conc. (%) | Group of Comp. | Approximate Comp. on the Library/ ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interaction time 5 days | ||||||
1 | 10.287 | 0.182 | 95 | 1.057 | Aromatic | Naphthalene |
2 | 17.468 | 0.120 | 47 | 0.424 | Aldehyde | --- |
3 | 18.566 | 10.407 | 95 | 45.693 | Aromatic ** | Anthracene |
4 | 21.819 | 10.902 | 96 | 51.914 | Aromatic ** | Pyrene |
5 | 24.947 | 0.223 | 90 | 0.912 | Alcohol | Phenol |
Interaction time 10 days | ||||||
1 | 6.083 | 0.132 | 91 | 0.959 | Methyl | Cyclotetrasiloxane |
2 | 17.471 | 0.794 | 53 | 3.752 | Aldehyde | --- |
3 | 18.559 | 8.568 | 95 | 40.589 | Aromatic ** | Anthracene |
4 | 21.309 | 0.239 | 78 | 1.401 | Aldehyde | --- |
5 | 21.809 | 9.113 | 96 | 50.686 | Aromatic ** | Pyrene |
6 | 24.944 | 0.185 | 90 | 1.070 | Alcohol | Phenol |
7 | 26.824 | 0.240 | 62 | 1.543 | Carboxylic acid | --- |
Interaction time 15 days | ||||||
1 | 6.088 | 0.109 | 91 | 0.558 | Organosilicon | Cyclotetrasiloxane |
2 | 17.471 | 0.471 | 53 | 1.663 | Carboxylate | --- |
3 | 18.564 | 7.233 | 96 | 38.311 | Aromatic ** | Anthracene |
4 | 21.311 | 0.139 | 72 | 0.561 | Indole, aldehyde | --- |
5 | 21.818 | 8.920 | 96 | 49.619 | Aromatic ** | Pyrene |
6 | 22.085 | 0.080 | 93 | 0.384 | Amide | Hexadecanamide |
7 | 23.637 | 0.187 | 91 | 0.760 | Amide | 9-octadecetamide |
8 | 23.685 | 0.123 | 93 | 1.084 | Amide | 9-octadecenamide |
9 | 24.944 | 0.506 | 93 | 1.824 | Alcohol aromatic | Phenol |
10 | 26.823 | 0,700 | 81 | 3.236 | Carboxylate | --- |
Interaction time 20 days | ||||||
1 | 16.728 | 0.131 | 98 | 1.858 | Alcohol | Benzenemethanol |
2 | 17.467 | 0.139 | 53 | 0.982 | Carboxylate | --- |
3 | 18.553 | 4.844 | 95 | 36.105 | Aromatic ** | Anthracene |
4 | 20.329 | 0.141 | 46 | 0.946 | Aliphatic | --- |
5 | 20.776 | 0.199 | 43 | 1.323 | Aliphatic | --- |
6 | 21.803 | 7.980 | 96 | 48.603 | Aromatic ** | Pyrene |
7 | 24.944 | 0.163 | 93 | 1.168 | Alcohol aromatic | Phenol |
8 | 26.823 | 0.219 | 49 | 2.016 | Carboxylate | Tetraphtelic acid |
Interaction time 25 days | ||||||
1 | 17.470 | 0.242 | 64 | 1.112 | Methylene | --- |
2 | 18.560 | 4.132 | 95 | 35.297 | Aromatic ** | Anthracene |
3 | 20.332 | 0.148 | 47 | 0.697 | Sulfurous acid | --- |
4 | 20.778 | 0.332 | 47 | 1.508 | Aliphatic | --- |
5 | 21.140 | 0.178 | 47 | 1.253 | Alcohol aromatic | --- |
6 | 21.811 | 7.902 | 96 | 47.959 | Aromatic ** | Pyrene |
7 | 24.944 | 0.126 | 78 | 0.681 | Alcohol aromatic | --- |
8 | 26.823 | 0.234 | 91 | 1.504 | Carboxylate | Tetraphtelic acid |
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Marzuki, I.; Asaf, R.; Paena, M.; Athirah, A.; Nisaa, K.; Ahmad, R.; Kamaruddin, M. Anthracene and Pyrene Biodegradation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Consortium. Molecules 2021, 26, 6851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226851
Marzuki I, Asaf R, Paena M, Athirah A, Nisaa K, Ahmad R, Kamaruddin M. Anthracene and Pyrene Biodegradation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Consortium. Molecules. 2021; 26(22):6851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226851
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzuki, Ismail, Ruzkiah Asaf, Mudian Paena, Admi Athirah, Khairun Nisaa, Rasheed Ahmad, and Mudyawati Kamaruddin. 2021. "Anthracene and Pyrene Biodegradation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Consortium" Molecules 26, no. 22: 6851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226851