State of the Art in Crystallization of LiNbO3 and Their Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Crystal and Defect Structures of LiNbO3
3. Crystallization of LiNbO3
4. Composition Characterizations of LiNbO3
5. Advanced Applications of LiNbO3
5.1. Optical Applications
5.1.1. Illumination
5.1.2. Fluorescence Temperature Sensing
5.2. Surface Acoustic-Wave Devices
5.3. Electrochemical Applications
5.4. Domain Engineering, Memristors, Sensors, and Harvesters
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Pulling Rate (mm/h) | Rotation Rate (rpm) | Size ϕ × l (mm) | Li Content (mol%/cm) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1–2 | 5–10 | 153 × 110 | Δ[Li2O] ≈ 0.001 | [26] |
0.3–3 | 20–35 | 8 × 10 | - | [27] |
1 | 7 | 30 × 50 | - | [28] |
0.4–1.5 | 10–30 | 50 × 30 | Δ[Li2O] < 0.005 | [29] |
1–2.5 | 10–25 | 80 × 60 | Δ[Li2O] < 0.02 | [30] |
2.8–4.0 | 3–10 | 100 × 80 | Δ[Li2O] < 0.002 | [22] |
Testing Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Raman scattering method | Raman systems have become cheaper and easier to use | The use of a correct configuration of the detection and excitation polarizers (in the case of single crystals) |
Curie temperature | Linearly with Li/[Li + Nb] ratio Reliable and sufficient sensitivity for composition | High Curie temperature close to the melting point |
UV absorption edge | Convenient and accurate way for determining the composition | Nonlinear relationship Accuracy is governed by the wavelength calibration Doping compound will deteriorate the accuracy |
Refractive indices | Function of wavelength and stoichiometry | Nonlinear relationship |
Birefringence | Approximately linear correspondence between Li content and birefringence | The nonlinear relationships dominated by the wavelength |
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Chen, K.; Zhu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xue, D. State of the Art in Crystallization of LiNbO3 and Their Applications. Molecules 2021, 26, 7044. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227044
Chen K, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Xue D. State of the Art in Crystallization of LiNbO3 and Their Applications. Molecules. 2021; 26(22):7044. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227044
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Kunfeng, Yunzhong Zhu, Zhihua Liu, and Dongfeng Xue. 2021. "State of the Art in Crystallization of LiNbO3 and Their Applications" Molecules 26, no. 22: 7044. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227044