Impact of Drying Methods on Phenolic Components and Antioxidant Activity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Berries from Different Varieties in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Reagents
2.2. Drying Processes
2.3. Preparation of Samples for Analysis
2.4. Determination of Total Phenolic (TPC) and Total Flavonoids (TFC) Contents
2.5. Quantitative Determination of 12 Compound Contents by UPLC-DAD
2.6. Identification of Phenolic Compounds by UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS
2.7. Antioxidant Activity by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP Assays
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
3.2. Quantitative Determination of Twelve Components in Sea Buckthorn Berries
3.3. Identification of Phytochemicals
3.4. Marker Compounds in Berries of Different Varieties and Different Drying Methods
3.5. Correlations between Antioxidant Activity (AOA) and Phenolic Compounds
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Varieties | TPC (mg GAE·g−1) | TFC (mg RE·g−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | H | S | D | L | H | S | D | |
W1 | 33.51 ± 0.51 a | 14.23 ± 0.13 b | 11.28 ± 0.23 c | 14.67 ± 0.11 b | 8.96 ± 0.45 a | 5.36 ± 0.08 c | 5.84 ± 0.08 c | 6.65 ± 0.23 b |
W2 | 32.20 ± 0.36 a | 13.12 ± 0.22 c | 15.57 ± 0.07 b | 15.26 ± 0.25 b | 3.52 ± 0.19 b | 4.36 ± 0.13 a | 3.50 ± 0.04 b | 3.54 ± 0.08 b |
ZYH | 15.95 ± 0.59 a | 7.49 ± 0.23 b | 7.18 ± 0.12 b | 7.34 ± 0.24 b | 2.86 ± 0.05 a | 1.72 ± 0.01 d | 2.45 ± 0.01 b | 2.08 ± 0.02 c |
SQH | 11.80 ± 0.29 a | 7.53 ± 0.04 b | 5.32 ± 0.13 c | 5.40 ± 0.11 c | 2.59 ± 0.08 a | 2.35 ± 0.12 b | 1.91 ± 0.06 c | 1.72 ± 0.03 c |
SG | 11.83 ± 0.28 a | 7.57 ± 0.19 b | 7.21 ± 0.11 bc | 7.02 ± 0.12 c | 1.98 ± 0.09 a | 1.95 ± 0.04 a | 2.02 ± 0.03 a | 2.09 ± 0.03 a |
C | 8.48 ± 0.22 | 1.81 ± 0.03 |
No. a | No. b | Rt (min) | λmax (nm) | m/z | Adducts | Formula | MS/MS Fragment Ions (m/z) | Tentative Identification cd | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | 1.23 | 203, 275 | 169.0135 | M-H | C7H6O5 | 125.02 | Gallic acid * | - |
2 | - | 2.11 | 208, 270 | 153.0180 | M-H | C7H6O4 | 152.01, 137.02, 121.02 | Protocatechuic acid * | - |
3 | - | 2.18 | 208, 276 | 335.0755 | M-H2O-H | C16H18O9 | 305.06, 201.03, 191.05, 125.02 | Neochlorogenic acid * | - |
4 | - | 2.93 | 206, 270 | 305.0643 | M-H | C15H14O7 | 179.03, 125.02 | Epigallocatechin * | - |
5 | - | 3.63 | 209, 275 | 289.0709 | M-H | C15H14O6 | 245.08, 205.05, 125.02 | Catechin * | - |
6 | 4 | 4.13 | 230, 276 | 163.0390 | M-H | C9H8O3 | 120.05, 119.04, 117.03 | Hydroxycinnamic acid | - |
7 | 5 | 4.34 | 265, 365 | 625.1393 | M-H | C27H30O17 | 463.08, 301.03 | Quercetin-O-dihexoside | [32] |
8 | 9 | 5.56 | 253, 354 | 771.1980 | M-H | C33H40O21 | 625.14, 609.14, 446.08, 305.06 | Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside | [6,28] |
9 | 10 | 5.78 | 233, 276 | 289.0710 | M-H | C15H14O6 | 245.08, 203.07, 125.02, 109.02 | Epicatechin | [32] |
10 | 11 | 6.21 | 266, 348 | 755.2031 | M-H | C33H40O20 | 609.1470 | Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [28,33] |
11 | - | 6.54 | 265, 348 | 639.1567 | M-H | C28H32O17 | 609.14, 477.10, 315.05 | Isorhamnetin-3,7-O-dihexoside | [6,28] |
12 | 12 | 6.55 | 265, 348 | 755.2054 | M-H | C33H40O20 | 609.14, 430.09, 257.04 | Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside | [34,35] |
13 | 13 | 6.81 | 252, 349 | 785.2142 | M-H | C34H42O21 | 623.16, 477.10, 315.05 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside | [28] |
14 | - | 6.82 | 252, 349 | 623.1612 | M-H | C28H32O16 | 477.10, 357.06, 315.05 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [15] |
15 | 16 | 7.43 | 253, 353 | 785.2145 | M-H | C34H42O21 | 639.15, 315.05 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-sophroside-7-O-rhamnoside | [6,28,36] |
16 | - | 8.53 | 255, 353 | 609.1450 | M-H | C27H30O16 | 463.08, 300.02, 299.01 | Quercetin-3-O-hexoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [6,37] |
17 | 21 | 8.58 | 254, 348 | 753.1872 | M-H2O-H | C33H40O21 | 591.13, 489.10 | Isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [38] |
18 | 25 | 9.52 | 260, 348 | 609.1446 | M-H | C27H30O16 | 300.02, 271.02, | Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside | [28] |
19 | 28 | 10.42 | 265,348 | 739.2073 | M-H | C33H40O19 | 576.15, 284.03 | Kaempferol-glucoside-dirhamnoside | [37,39] |
20 | - | 10.71 | 263, 348 | 593.1499 | M-H | C27H30O15 | 447.09, 285.04 | Kaempferol-3-O-hexoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [6] |
21 | - | 10.75 | 246, 342 | 917.2352 | M-H | C42H46O23 | 771.18, 623.16, 201.04 | Quercetin-3-coumaroyl-diglucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [34] |
22 | 32 | 10.98 | 254, 354 | 609.1456 | M-H | C27H30O16 | 300.03, 271.02 | Rutin * | - |
23 | 34 | 11.58 | 254, 348 | 463.0878 | M-H | C21H20O12 | 300.03, 271.02, 255.03 | Isoquercitrin * | - |
24 | 35 | 11.78 | 254, 349 | 623.1616 | M-H | C28H32O16 | 477.10, 461.11, 315.05 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(2-rhamnosyl)hexoside | [6] |
25 | - | 11.82 | 251, 349 | 477.1022 | M+FA-H | C21H20O10 | 461.11, 285.04 | Kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside | [40] |
26 | 36 | 12.18 | 250, 349 | 639.1544 | M+FA-H | C27H30O15 | 330.04 | Kaempferol-3-glucoside-rhamnoside | [28] |
27 | - | 12.49 | 246, 339 | 961.2596 | M-H | C44H50O24 | 837.19, 815.20, 431.10, 284.03 | Kaempferol-3-O-(6-O-sinapoyl)glucose-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | [41] |
28 | 37 | 12.94 | 246, 341 | 991.2716 | M-H | C45H52O25 | 845.21, 639.16, 460.10 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(6-O-sinapoyl)glucose-glucoside -7-O-rhamnoside | [28,41] |
29 | 38 | 13.06 | 253, 349 | 623.1604 | M-H | C28H32O16 | 314.04 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside * | - |
30 | 41 | 13.61 | 247, 336 | 931.2506 | M-H | C43H48O23 | 785.20, 639.16, 460.10, 314.04 | Isorhamnetin-3-coumaroyl-diglucoside-7-rhamnoside | [34] |
31 | 43 | 14.93 | 265, 348 | 593.1490 | M-H | C27H30O15 | 285.04, 255.03 | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside * | - |
32 | 44 | 15.22 | 252, 347 | 623.1604 | M-H | C28H32O16 | 314.04, 299.02 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(6-rhamnosyl)hexoside | [6] |
33 | 45 | 15.42 | 265, 348 | 447.0920 | M-H | C21H20O11 | 284.03, 255.03 | Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside * | - |
34 | 46 | 16.06 | 254, 354 | 623.1628 | M-H | C28H32O16 | 357.06, 315.05, 314.04 | Narcissin * | - |
35 | - | 16.07 | 254, 354 | 639.1557 | M-H | C28H32O17 | 315.05, 314.04 | Isorhamnetin-O-dihexoside | [6,28] |
36 | 47 | 16.67 | 253, 349 | 477.1049 | M-H | C22H22O12 | 314.04 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside * | - |
37 | - | 16.72 | 251, 348 | 653.1713 | M-H | C29H34O17 | 447.09, 345.06 | Syringetin 3-O-rutinoside | [37] |
38 | 48 | 17.05 | 250, 348 | 507.1142 | M-H | C23H24O13 | 344.0 | Syringetin-3-O-hexoside | [37,42] |
39 | 61 | 24.82 | 254, 363 | 301.0369 | M-H | C15H10O7 | - | Quercetin * | - |
40 | 70 | 28.63 | 265, 367 | 285.0385 | M-H | C15H10O6 | - | Kaempferol * | - |
41 | 73 | 29.25 | 253, 367 | 315.0484 | M-H | C16H12O7 | 271.01 | Isorhamnetin * | - |
DPPH (mmol TE·g−1) | ABTS (mmol TE·g−1) | FRAP (mmol TE·g−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
W1 | |||
L | 71.80 ± 2.94 a | 97.95 ± 1.10 a | 67.83 ± 0.14 a |
H | 17.05 ± 0.20 c | 19.80 ± 0.62 c | 23.34 ± 1.38 bc |
S | 12.09 ± 0.74 d | 21.95 ± 1.36 c | 19.89 ± 1.18 c |
D | 22.35 ± 1.36 b | 26.99 ± 1.24 b | 27.07 ± 2.33 b |
W2 | |||
L | 86.30 ± 1.71 a | 89.75 ± 2.14 a | 61.06 ± 0.70 a |
H | 17.24 ± 0.63 c | 21.70 ± 0.62 c | 24.85 ± 1.88 b |
S | 27.18 ± 1.36 b | 26.90 ± 0.24 b | 20.24 ± 0.67 c |
D | 29.27 ± 0.74 b | 28.30 ± 1.78 b | 25.86 ± 2.04 b |
ZYH | |||
L | 32.11 ± 1.06 a | 34.60 ± 1.12 a | 29.14 ± 1.31 a |
H | 4.85 ± 0.09 d | 8.81 ± 0.22 c | 7.88 ± 0.15 c |
S | 6.92 ± 0.12 c | 8.96 ± 0.52 c | 8.07 ± 0.46 c |
D | 8.68 ± 0.18 b | 11.56 ± 0.60 b | 11.71 ± 0.73 b |
SQH | |||
L | 14.58 ± 0.25 a | 18.59 ± 0.61 a | 18.52 ± 1.06 a |
H | 4.36 ± 0.07 b | 9.14 ± 0.87 b | 8.16 ± 0.12 bc |
S | 3.68 ± 0.25 c | 5.60 ± 0.14 c | 6.30 ± 0.88 c |
D | 3.64 ± 0.22 c | 6.22 ± 0.28 c | 9.75 ± 0.17 b |
SG | |||
L | 13.12 ± 0.69 a | 17.70 ± 0.92 a | 16.54 ± 1.24 a |
H | 4.62 ± 0.04 b | 6.37 ± 0.20 b | 7.49 ± 0.44 b |
S | 3.33 ± 0.19 c | 5.98 ± 0.51 b | 7.67 ± 0.77 b |
D | 4.35 ± 0.07 b | 5.79 ± 0.36 b | 8.36 ± 0.34 b |
C | 4.52 ± 0.17 |
DPPH | ABTS | FRAP | |
---|---|---|---|
DPPH | - | 0.982 ** | 0.970 ** |
ABTS | 0.982 ** | - | 0.987 ** |
FRAP | 0.970 ** | 0.987 ** | - |
TPC | 0.980 ** | 0.986 ** | 0.988 ** |
TFC | 0.577 ** | 0.664 ** | 0.727 ** |
GA | 0.740 ** | 0.713 ** | 0.734 ** |
PA | −0.496 * | −0.490 * | −0.548 |
RU | 0.352 | 0.391 | 0.405 |
Q3G | 0.057 | 0.078 | 0.064 |
I3N | 0.444 * | 0.546 * | 0.547 * |
K3R | 0.397 | 0.497 * | 0.541 * |
K3G | 0.253 | 0.352 | 0.415 |
I3R | −0.170 | −0.180 | −0.212 |
I3G | −0.215 | −0.216 | −0.247 |
QE | −0.328 | −0.325 | −0.376 |
KA | −0.483 * | −0.457 * | −0.495 * |
IS | −0.460 * | −0.452 * | −0.502 * |
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Li, Y.; Li, P.; Yang, K.; He, Q.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Y.; He, C.; Xiao, P. Impact of Drying Methods on Phenolic Components and Antioxidant Activity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Berries from Different Varieties in China. Molecules 2021, 26, 7189. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237189
Li Y, Li P, Yang K, He Q, Wang Y, Sun Y, He C, Xiao P. Impact of Drying Methods on Phenolic Components and Antioxidant Activity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Berries from Different Varieties in China. Molecules. 2021; 26(23):7189. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237189
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yue, Pei Li, Kailin Yang, Qian He, Yue Wang, Yuhua Sun, Chunnian He, and Peigen Xiao. 2021. "Impact of Drying Methods on Phenolic Components and Antioxidant Activity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Berries from Different Varieties in China" Molecules 26, no. 23: 7189. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237189