Response Surface Methodology: Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of Basic Blue 41 Dye Using Activated Carbon with TiO2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Regeants and Materials
2.1.1. Chemicals
2.1.2. Synthetized Textile Effluent
2.1.3. AC-TiO2 Composite Preparation and Characterization
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Photocatalytic Degradation
2.2.2. Design of Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physiochemical Properties of the Photocatalyst
3.2. Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics
3.3. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
3.3.1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
3.3.2. Effects of the Factors and Their Interaction on the Responses
3.3.3. Numerical Optimization
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Low Level (−1) | Medium (0) | High (+1) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
A: Catalyst load (g) | 2 | 3 | 4 | [24] |
B: Reaction time (min) | 15 | 30 | 45 | [26] |
C: pH | 6 | 7.5 | 9 | [28] |
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Y1: Colour (%) | Y2: Turbidity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Run | A: Catalyst Load (g) | B: Reaction Time (min) | C:pH | Exp | Pred | Exp | Pred |
1 | 2 | 15 | 7.5 | 85 | 86.32 | 86 | 86.16 |
2 | 3 | 30 | 7.5 | 86.88 | 87.00 | 90.04 | 90.04 |
3 | 4 | 30 | 9 | 90.87 | 91.59 | 92 | 92.51 |
4 | 2 | 30 | 9 | 77.31 | 77.00 | 80 | 79.54 |
5 | 3 | 45 | 9 | 88.98 | 90.22 | 88.08 | 88.74 |
6 | 3 | 30 | 7.5 | 86.88 | 87.00 | 90.04 | 90.04 |
7 | 2 | 30 | 6 | 90.3 | 89.28 | 92 | 91.96 |
8 | 3 | 30 | 7.5 | 86.88 | 87.00 | 90.04 | 90.04 |
9 | 4 | 30 | 6 | 90.13 | 90.13 | 88 | 88.93 |
10 | 4 | 15 | 7.5 | 98.61 | 98.90 | 89.31 | 88.50 |
11 | 2 | 45 | 7.5 | 91.92 | 91.50 | 85 | 85.35 |
12 | 3 | 30 | 7.5 | 86.88 | 87.00 | 90.04 | 90.04 |
13 | 3 | 45 | 6 | 95 | 95.63 | 94.02 | 93.16 |
14 | 4 | 45 | 7.5 | 95.8 | 94.35 | 93.57 | 92.95 |
15 | 3 | 30 | 7.5 | 86.88 | 87.00 | 90.04 | 90.04 |
16 | 3 | 15 | 6 | 95.09 | 95.31 | 90.9 | 91.34 |
17 | 3 | 15 | 9 | 91.73 | 89.90 | 87.18 | 86.92 |
Parameter | Colour | Turbidity |
---|---|---|
Standard deviation | 1.06 | 0.63 |
Mean | 89.71 | 89.19 |
Coefficient of variance (CV, %) | 1.18 | 0.71 |
Coefficient of determination (R2) | 0.972 | 0.988 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.966 | 0.975 |
Predicted R2 | 0.886 | 0.893 |
Adequate precision | 32.33 | 33.67 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 389.44 | 6 | 64.91 | 58.28 | <0.0001 | significant |
A-Catalyst load | 119.20 | 1 | 119.20 | 107.02 | <0.0001 | |
B-Reaction time | 0.2016 | 1 | 0.2016 | 0.1810 | 0.0495 | |
C-pH | 58.48 | 1 | 58.48 | 52.51 | <0.0001 | |
AB | 23.67 | 1 | 23.67 | 21.25 | 0.0010 | |
AC | 47.13 | 1 | 47.13 | 42.31 | <0.0001 | |
B2 | 140.77 | 1 | 140.77 | 126.39 | <0.0001 | |
Residual | 11.14 | 10 | 1.11 | |||
Lack of Fit | 11.14 | 6 | 1.86 | 12.32 | 0.132 | Non-significant |
Pure Error | 0.0000 | 4 | 0.0000 | |||
Cor Total | 400.58 | 16 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 179.76 | 6 | 29.96 | 75.42 | <0.0001 | significant |
A-Catalyst load | 49.40 | 1 | 49.40 | 124.36 | <0.0001 | |
B-Reaction time | 6.62 | 1 | 6.62 | 16.68 | 0.0022 | |
C-pH | 38.98 | 1 | 38.98 | 98.14 | <0.0001 | |
AB | 6.92 | 1 | 6.92 | 17.41 | 0.0019 | |
AC | 64.00 | 1 | 64.00 | 161.11 | <0.0001 | |
A2 | 13.83 | 1 | 13.83 | 34.82 | 0.0002 | |
Residual | 3.97 | 10 | 0.3972 | |||
Lack of Fit | 3.97 | 6 | 0.6621 | 10. 52 | 0.154 | Non-significant |
Pure Error | 0.0000 | 4 | 0.0000 | |||
Cor Total | 183.73 | 16 |
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Kweinor Tetteh, E.; Obotey Ezugbe, E.; Asante-Sackey, D.; Armah, E.K.; Rathilal, S. Response Surface Methodology: Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of Basic Blue 41 Dye Using Activated Carbon with TiO2. Molecules 2021, 26, 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041068
Kweinor Tetteh E, Obotey Ezugbe E, Asante-Sackey D, Armah EK, Rathilal S. Response Surface Methodology: Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of Basic Blue 41 Dye Using Activated Carbon with TiO2. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041068
Chicago/Turabian StyleKweinor Tetteh, Emmanuel, Elorm Obotey Ezugbe, Dennis Asante-Sackey, Edward Kwaku Armah, and Sudesh Rathilal. 2021. "Response Surface Methodology: Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of Basic Blue 41 Dye Using Activated Carbon with TiO2" Molecules 26, no. 4: 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041068