Insight into the Sorption of 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate onto Soil–pH, Ionic Strength, and Co-Contaminant Influence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The Assessment of the Sorption Potential of 5-FU and MTX onto Soils
2.2. The Influence of pH
2.3. The Effect of Ionic Strength
2.4. The Impact of the Presence of Co-Contaminant on the Sorption of Selected Anticancer Drugs onto Soils
2.4.1. The Influence of Metal Presence (Cd2+)
2.4.2. The Influence of the Presence of Metoprolol
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Soils
3.3. Conceptual Approach
3.4. Conceptual Approach
3.4.1. Solutions Used in the Preliminary Studies and Determination of Sorption Isotherms
3.4.2. Solutions Used in the Evaluation of the Influence of pH and Ionic Strength
3.5. Preliminary Studies
3.6. Determination of Distribution (Sorption) Coefficients and Sorption Isotherms
3.6.1. Determination of Sorption Coefficient in the Presence of Co-Contaminant
Investigation of the Heavy Metal Influence
Sorption Investigation of ADs in the Presence of Metoprolol
3.7. Instrumental Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compound [CAS Number] (Abbreviation) | Selected Physico-Chemical Properties | Structure |
---|---|---|
5-fluorouracil [51-21-8] (5-FU) | M = 130.1 g·mol−1 SH2O = 11,100 mg·L−1 LogKow = −0.89 | |
Methothrexate [59-05-2] (MTX) | M = 454.4 g·mol−1 SH2O = 2600 mg·L−1 LogKow = −1.85 | |
Metoprolol [56392-17-7] (MET) | M = 267.4 g·mol−1 SH2O = 16,900 mg·L−1 LogKow = 1.95 |
Isotherm Model | Parameter | G2 | G4 | G5 | G2 | G4 | G5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5-FU | MTX | ||||||
Linear Isotherm | Kd (L·kg−1) | 6.36 ± 0.67 | 2.52 ± 0.36 | 2.98 ± 0.28 | 6.79 ± 0.74 | 12.94 ± 1.29 | 9.16 ± 0.93 |
Isotherm equation | y = 6.357x + 34.802 | y = 2.5175x + 23.115 | y = 2.9804x + 15.622 | y = 6.7861x + 38.179 | y = 12.941x + 50.237 | y = 9.1566x + 35.029 | |
R2 | 0.928 | 0.875 | 0.940 | 0.914 | 0.926 | 0.924 | |
Freundlich Isotherm | 1/n | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.75 |
KF (mg1−1/n·kg−1·L1/n) | 21.44 | 9.73 | 15.69 | 30.56 | 53.60 | 28.42 | |
Isotherm equation | y = 0.7077x + 1.3312 | y = 0.7372x + 0.9879 | y = 0.5357x + 1.1956 | y = 0.6619x + 1.4851 | y = 0.6537x + 1.7292 | y = 0.7468x + 1.4537 | |
R2 | 0.921 | 0.879 | 0.848 | 0.996 | 0.997 | 0.996 | |
Langmuir Isotherm | cmax (mg·kg−1) | 149.26 | 41.49 | 19.92 | 112.36 | 126.58 | 217.39 |
KL (L·mg−1) | 0.19 | 0.35 | 10.68 | 0.52 | 1.07 | 0.19 | |
Isotherm equation | y = 0.0347x + 0.0067 | y = 0.0684x + 0.0241 | y = 0.0048x + 0.0502 | y = 0.017x + 0.0089 | y = 0.0074x + 0.0079 | y = 0.0248x + 0.0046 | |
R2 | 0.799 | 0.845 | 0.492 | 0.972 | 0.961 | 0.997 | |
Dubinin–Radushkievich Isotherm | BD (mol2·kJ−2) | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.16 |
qD (mg·kg−1) | 250.38 | 82.72 | 57.53 | 176.63 | 252.81 | 204.46 | |
ED (kJ·mol−1) | 1.27 | 1.65 | 2.61 | 1.92 | 2.13 | 1.76 | |
Isotherm equation | y = −3.7943x + 2.3986 | y = −2.2431x + 1.9176 | y = −0.9017x + 1.7599 | y = −1.6658x + 2.2446 | y = −1.3571x + 2.4028 | y = −1.9822x + 2.3106 | |
R2 | 0.700 | 0.739 | 0.513 | 0.888 | 0.903 | 0.895 | |
Temkin Isotherm | ΔQ (kJ·mol−1) | 3.61 | 1.25 | 0.79 | 9.90 | 7.37 | 7.85 |
K0 (L·mg−1) | 0.73 | 1.88 | 5.29 | 3.23 | 5.59 | 2.51 | |
Isotherm equation | y = 0.6868x − 0.2144 | y = 1.9864x + 1.2529 | y = 3.1225x + 5.2026 | y = 0.2502x + 0.2935 | y = 0.336x + 0.5784 | y = 0.3158x + 0.2911 | |
R2 | 0.855 | 0.696 | 0.648 | 0.856 | 0.827 | 0.829 |
Tested Compound/s | MTX | MTX with MET | MET | MET with MTX |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil G2 | 31.57 ± 1.88 | 23.86 ± 2.38 | 26.48 ± 7.64 | 9.90 ± 5.54 |
Soil G4 | 61.53 ± 3.62 | 74.91 ± 2.75 | 12.33 ± 1.02 | 5.47 ± 2.22 |
Soil G5 | 23.65 ± 1.00 | 17.33 ± 7.90 | 37.87 ± 4.85 | 11.89 ± 7.25 |
Tested Compound/s | 5 FU | 5-FU with MET | MET | MET with 5-FU |
Soil G2 | 5.06 ± 1.24 | 22.09 ± 0.40 | 74.17 ± 2.78 | 182.75 ± 16.67 |
Soil G4 | 0.61 ± 0.21 | 1.72 ± 0.16 | 14.97 ± 1.27 | 10.55 ± 0.01 |
Soil G5 | 1.42 ± 0.34 | 37.55 ± 1.42 | 29.68 ± 0.46 | 10.47 ± 1.07 |
Parameter | Soil G2 (Alluvial Soil) | Soil G4 (Acid Brown Soil) | Soil G5 (Acid and Leached Brown Soil) |
---|---|---|---|
pHKCl | 7.1 | 5.1 | 5.8 |
OM [%] | 18.6 | 7.7 | 4.1 |
CEC [cmol(+)·kg−1] | 23.6 | 9.9 | 10.2 |
Colloidal Clay Fraction (<0.002 mm), [%] | 14.0 | 5.0 | 12.0 |
SA [m2·kg−1] | 1.6 | 0.9 | 10.9 |
ρ [g·cm−3] | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
Compound | Soil | S/L Ratio | Adsorption Equilibrium Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|
5-FU | G2 | 1:25 | 24 |
G4 | 1:5 | ||
G5 | |||
MTX | G2 | 1:15 | 24 |
G4 | |||
G5 |
Compound | R2 | Linearity Range (mg·L−1) | IQL (mg·L−1) | IDL (mg·L−1) | Precision (RSD) (%) | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5-FU | 1.000 1.000 | 0.05–1.0 2.5–50.0 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.3–3.2 | 97.5–100.7 |
MTX | 1.000 1.000 | 0.05–1.0 2.5–50.0 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.2–1.4 | 97.1–100.8 |
MET * | 1.000 | 0.05–80 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.6–7.0 | 98.6–120.1 |
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Markiewicz, K.; Białk-Bielińska, A.; Łukaszewicz, P.; Stepnowski, P.; Dołżonek, J. Insight into the Sorption of 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate onto Soil–pH, Ionic Strength, and Co-Contaminant Influence. Molecules 2021, 26, 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061674
Markiewicz K, Białk-Bielińska A, Łukaszewicz P, Stepnowski P, Dołżonek J. Insight into the Sorption of 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate onto Soil–pH, Ionic Strength, and Co-Contaminant Influence. Molecules. 2021; 26(6):1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061674
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkiewicz, Katarzyna, Anna Białk-Bielińska, Paulina Łukaszewicz, Piotr Stepnowski, and Joanna Dołżonek. 2021. "Insight into the Sorption of 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate onto Soil–pH, Ionic Strength, and Co-Contaminant Influence" Molecules 26, no. 6: 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061674