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29 pages, 28833 KiB  
Article
Mineralization Styles in the Orogenic (Quartz Vein) Gold Deposits of the Eastern Kazakhstan Gold Belt: Implications for Regional Prospecting
by Dmitry L. Konopelko, Valeriia S. Zhdanova, Sergei Y. Stepanov, Ekaterina S. Sidorova, Sergei V. Petrov, Aleksandr K. Kozin, Emil S. Aliyev, Vasiliy A. Saltanov, Mikhail A. Kalinin, Andrey V. Korneev and Reimar Seltmann
Minerals 2025, 15(8), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080885 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
The Eastern Kazakhstan Gold Belt is a major black-shale-hosted gold province in Central Asia where the main types of deposits comprise mineralized zones with auriferous sulfides (micro- and nano-inclusions of gold and refractory gold) and quartz veins with visible gold. The quartz vein [...] Read more.
The Eastern Kazakhstan Gold Belt is a major black-shale-hosted gold province in Central Asia where the main types of deposits comprise mineralized zones with auriferous sulfides (micro- and nano-inclusions of gold and refractory gold) and quartz veins with visible gold. The quartz vein deposits are economically less important but may potentially represent the upper parts of bigger ore systems concealed at depth. In this work, the mineralogy of the quartz vein deposits and related wall rock alteration zones was studied using microscopy and SEM-EDS analysis, and the geochemical dispersion of the ore elements in primary alteration haloes was documented utilizing spatial distribution maps and statistical treatment methods. The studied auriferous quartz veins are classified as epizonal black-shale-hosted orogenic gold deposits. The veins generally have linear shapes with an average width of ca. 1 m and length up to 150 m and contain high-grade native gold with minor amounts of sulfides. In supergene oxidation zones, the native gold is closely associated with Fe-hydroxide minerals cementing brecciated zones within the veins. The auriferous quartz veins are usually enclosed by the wall rock alteration envelopes, where two types of alteration are distinguished. Proximal phyllic alteration (sericite-albite-pyrite ± chlorite, Fe-Mg-Ca carbonates, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite) develops as localized alteration envelopes, and pervasive carbonation accompanied by chlorite ± sericite and albite is the dominant process in the distal alteration zones. The rocks within the alteration zones are enriched in Au and chalcophile elements, and three groups of chemical elements showing significant positive mutual correlation have been identified: (1) an early geochemical assemblage includes V, P, and Co (±Ni), which are the chemical elements characteristic for black shale formations, (2) association of Au, As, and other chalcophile elements is distinctly overprinting, and manifests the main stage of sulfide-hosted Au mineralization, and (3) association of Bi and Hg (±Sb and U) includes the chemical elements that are mobile at low temperatures, and can be explained by activity of the late-stage hydrothermal or supergene fluids. The chalcophile elements show negative slopes from proximal to distal alteration zones and form overlapping positive anomalies on spatial distribution mono-elemental maps. Thus, the geochemical methods can provide useful tools to delineate the ore elemental associations and to outline reproducible anomalies for subsequent regional gold prospecting. Full article
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11 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Participatory Development of Digital Innovations for Health Promotion Among Older Adults: Qualitative Insights on Individual, Contextual, and Technical Factors
by Katja A. Rießenberger, Karina Povse and Florian Fischer
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(8), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22081311 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Location-based games offer innovative approaches for health promotion among older adults, but their effectiveness depends on understanding complex contextual factors beyond technological design. In our study, we aimed to adapt a location-based game in the form of a smartphone application which originally targeted [...] Read more.
Location-based games offer innovative approaches for health promotion among older adults, but their effectiveness depends on understanding complex contextual factors beyond technological design. In our study, we aimed to adapt a location-based game in the form of a smartphone application which originally targeted younger people. We employed ethnographic observations in a field test under real-world conditions for identifying the needs and preferences of older adults in this regard. Field notes of one co-creative workshop were analyzed using thematic analysis. Four key contextual factor categories emerged that significantly influenced user engagement: (1) temporal/spatial factors including weather conditions, topography, and traffic safety that impacted screen visibility and cognitive function; (2) virtual-physical orientation challenges requiring high cognitive load to transfer abstract digital maps to real environments; (3) individual factors such as technical competence, mobility levels, and prior accessibility experiences that shaped usage patterns; and (4) social dynamics that provided motivation and peer support while potentially creating exclusionary practices. Successful digital health innovations for older adults require a socio-technical systems approach that addresses environmental conditions, reduces cognitive transfer demands between virtual and physical navigation, leverages social elements while preventing exclusion, and accounts for heterogeneity among older adults as contextually interactive factors rather than merely individual differences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Innovations for Health Promotion)
17 pages, 5300 KiB  
Article
Multimodal Integration Enhances Tissue Image Information Content: A Deep Feature Perspective
by Fatemehzahra Darzi and Thomas Bocklitz
Bioengineering 2025, 12(8), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12080894 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Multimodal imaging techniques have the potential to enhance the interpretation of histology by offering additional molecular and structural information beyond that accessible through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining alone. Here, we present a quantitative approach for comparing the information content of different image [...] Read more.
Multimodal imaging techniques have the potential to enhance the interpretation of histology by offering additional molecular and structural information beyond that accessible through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining alone. Here, we present a quantitative approach for comparing the information content of different image modalities, such as H&E and multimodal imaging. We used a combination of deep learning and radiomics-based feature extraction with different information markers, implemented in Python 3.12, to compare the information content of the H&E stain, multimodal imaging, and the combined dataset. We also compared the information content of individual channels in the multimodal image and of different Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy spectral channels. The quantitative measurements of information that we utilized were Shannon entropy, inverse area under the curve (1-AUC), the number of principal components describing 95% of the variance (PC95), and inverse power law fitting. For example, the combined dataset achieved an entropy value of 0.5740, compared to 0.5310 for H&E and 0.5385 for the multimodal dataset using MobileNetV2 features. The number of principal components required to explain 95 percent of the variance was also highest for the combined dataset, with 62 components, compared to 33 for H&E and 47 for the multimodal dataset. These measurements consistently showed that the combined datasets provide more information. These observations highlight the potential of multimodal combinations to enhance image-based analyses and provide a reproducible framework for comparing imaging approaches in digital pathology and biomedical image analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging Analysis: Current and Future Trends)
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26 pages, 1971 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Allocation of C-V2X Communication Resources Based on Graph Attention Network and Deep Reinforcement Learning
by Zhijuan Li, Guohong Li, Zhuofei Wu, Wei Zhang and Alessandro Bazzi
Sensors 2025, 25(16), 5209; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25165209 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
V2V and V2N communications are two key components of ITS that can share spectrum resources through in-band overlay. V2V communication primarily supports traffic safety, whereas V2N primarily focuses on infotainment and information exchange. Achieving reliable V2V transmission alongside high-rate V2N services in resource-constrained, [...] Read more.
V2V and V2N communications are two key components of ITS that can share spectrum resources through in-band overlay. V2V communication primarily supports traffic safety, whereas V2N primarily focuses on infotainment and information exchange. Achieving reliable V2V transmission alongside high-rate V2N services in resource-constrained, dynamically changing traffic environments poses a significant challenge for resource allocation. To address this, we propose a novel RL framework, termed GAT-Advantage Actor–Critic (GAT-A2C). In this framework, we construct a graph based on V2V links and their potential interference relationships. Each V2V link is represented as a node, and edges connect nodes that may interfere. The GAT captures key interference patterns among neighboring vehicles while accounting for real-time mobility and channel variations. The features generated by the GAT, combined with individual link characteristics, form the environment state, which is then processed by the RL agent to jointly optimize the resource blocks allocation and the transmission power for both V2V and V2N communications. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method substantially improves V2N rates and V2V communication success ratios under various vehicle densities. Furthermore, the approach exhibits strong scalability, making it a promising solution for future large-scale intelligent vehicular networks operating in dynamic traffic scenarios. Full article
33 pages, 6314 KiB  
Review
Gel-Type Electrofluorochromic Devices for Advanced Optoelectronic Applications
by Xuecheng Wang, Lijing Wen, Jinxia Ren, Yonghen Wen, Yonghua Li, Yizhou Zhang and Kenneth Yin Zhang
Gels 2025, 11(8), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080673 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Gel-type electrofluorochromic (EFC) devices, which reversibly modulate photoluminescence under electrical stimuli, have emerged as versatile platforms for advanced optoelectronic applications. By integrating redox-active luminophores with soft, ion-conductive gel matrices, these systems combine the structural robustness of solids with the ionic mobility of liquids, [...] Read more.
Gel-type electrofluorochromic (EFC) devices, which reversibly modulate photoluminescence under electrical stimuli, have emerged as versatile platforms for advanced optoelectronic applications. By integrating redox-active luminophores with soft, ion-conductive gel matrices, these systems combine the structural robustness of solids with the ionic mobility of liquids, enabling a high-contrast, flexible, and multifunctional operation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of gel-based EFC technologies, outlining fundamental working principles, device architectures, and key performance metrics such as contrast ratio, switching time, and cycling stability. Gel matrices are categorized into ionogels, organogels, and hydrogels, and their physicochemical properties are discussed in relation to EFC device performance. Recent advances are highlighted across applications ranging from flexible displays and rewritable electronic paper to strain and biosensors, data encryption, smart windows, and hybrid energy-interactive systems. Finally, current challenges and emerging strategies are analyzed to guide the design of next-generation adaptive, intelligent, and energy-efficient optoelectronic platforms. Full article
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17 pages, 1209 KiB  
Article
Simulation and Implementation of the Modeling of Forklift with Tricycle in Warehouse Systems for ROS
by Kuo-Yang Tu, Che-Ping Hung, Hong-Yu Lin and Kaun-Yu Lin
Sensors 2025, 25(16), 5206; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25165206 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
In the age of labor shortage, increasing the throughput of warehouses is a good issue. In the recent two decades, automatic warehouses designed to reduce human labor have therefore become a very hot research topic. Tricycle forklifts being able to carry heavy goods [...] Read more.
In the age of labor shortage, increasing the throughput of warehouses is a good issue. In the recent two decades, automatic warehouses designed to reduce human labor have therefore become a very hot research topic. Tricycle forklifts being able to carry heavy goods can play important roles in automatic warehouses. Meanwhile, Robot Operating System (ROS) is a very famous and popular platform for developing the software of robotics. Its powerful communication function makes lots of warehouse information exchange easy. Therefore, ROS installed as the communication backbone of warehouse is very popular. However, the software modules of ROS do not offer tricycle forklifts. Therefore, in this research, the model of a tricycle forklift developed for ROS systems in warehouse applications is constructed. In spite of the developed model, the existing software modules must be modified for compatible connection such that the tricycle forklift can be navigated and controlled by constructed ROS. For the function of Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) and the control of self-guided navigation, the constructed system is verified by Gazebo simulation. In addition, the experiments of a real tricycle forklift to demonstrate the developed ROS for enough accuracy of warehouse application are also included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges and Sensor Techniques in Robot Positioning)
18 pages, 508 KiB  
Review
The Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity in Modulating Disease Progression and Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis
by Cristina Grosu, Emilian Bogdan Ignat, Daniel Alexa, Alin Ciubotaru, Maria Magdalena Leon, Alexandra Maștaleru, Gabriela Popescu, Carmen Marinela Cumpăt, Laura-Elena Cucu, Mădălina Irina Smihor and Dan Trofin
Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2713; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162713 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurological disorder with increasing global prevalence. Emerging evidence underscores the role of lifestyle interventions (particularly diet and physical activity) in modulating disease progression and improving quality of life. This narrative review synthesizes current scientific literature on [...] Read more.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurological disorder with increasing global prevalence. Emerging evidence underscores the role of lifestyle interventions (particularly diet and physical activity) in modulating disease progression and improving quality of life. This narrative review synthesizes current scientific literature on the effects of dietary interventions, including the Mediterranean, ketogenic, Swank, Wahls, gluten-free, and fasting-based diets, alongside various physical activity regimens. The Mediterranean and ketogenic diets show promise in reducing inflammation, enhancing neuroprotection, and improving metabolic health. Similarly, structured physical activity (including aerobic, resistance, sensorimotor, and mind–body exercises) demonstrates benefits in mobility, fatigue, and mental well-being. The review highlights the need for personalized, sustainable approaches that integrate nutritional and exercise-based strategies for optimal MS management in the long term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Disorders: Diets and Nutrition)
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21 pages, 380 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Beliefs of Latine Mothers and Fathers from Diverse Backgrounds About the Role of Mobile Devices in Their Parenting Experiences
by Wendy Ochoa
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081139 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study examined how a socioeconomically and linguistically diverse sample of Latine mothers (n = 20) and fathers (n = 20) of children under age five perceive the role of mobile screen technologies in their parenting experiences, using semi-structured interviews. The [...] Read more.
This study examined how a socioeconomically and linguistically diverse sample of Latine mothers (n = 20) and fathers (n = 20) of children under age five perceive the role of mobile screen technologies in their parenting experiences, using semi-structured interviews. The results show seven key themes that capture how parents believed these devices had both supported and hindered their parenting. These themes were organized into three overarching functions that reflect how mobile screen technologies were viewed and used by Latine mothers and fathers from socioeconomically and linguistically diverse backgrounds: (1) enabling access to parenting resources (i.e., access to information and social support), (2) shaping parent–child interactions (i.e., facilitating teaching, promoting bonding, and disrupting interactions), and (3) influencing emotional regulation and wellbeing (i.e., aiding or complicating behavior management and contributing to parental stress and relief). While these functions were largely consistent across participants, notable differences emerged by gender, language, and income—most prominently in relation to the parents’ levels of formal schooling. Full article
15 pages, 2493 KiB  
Article
The Utility of Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Metrics in Assessing Disability in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
by Othman I. Alomair, Sami A. Alghamdi, Abdullah H. Abujamea, Salman Aljarallah, Nuha M. Alkhawajah, Mohammed S. Alshuhri, Yazeed I. Alashban and Nyoman D. Kurniawan
Diagnostics 2025, 15(16), 2113; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15162113 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Quantitative intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging, incorporating both diffusion- and perfusion-derived metrics, offers a promising non-invasive approach for assessing tissue microstructure and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the correlation and predictive values of the IVIM [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Quantitative intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging, incorporating both diffusion- and perfusion-derived metrics, offers a promising non-invasive approach for assessing tissue microstructure and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the correlation and predictive values of the IVIM apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), true diffusion coefficient (D), and perfusion-derived pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*) and perfusion fraction (f) parameters with disability status, measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), in relapsing–remitting MS patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed MRI data from 197 MS patients. Quantitative IVIM parameters were extracted from scans obtained using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. Clinical data were also obtained, including age, disease duration, number of relapses, disease-modifying therapy (DMT) status, and need for mobility assistance. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare mean values across subgroups. Pearson correlation was used to examine associations between EDSS score and imaging/clinical variables. Multiple linear regression was applied to identify independent predictors of EDSS score. Results: The bivariate analyses revealed that ADC, D, D*, and EDSS values were higher in patients over 50 years old, those with a longer disease duration, and those who required mobility assistance. f was higher in females and DMT-treated patients, but it had no effect on EDSS score. Patients with longer disease duration and limited mobility had a higher number of MS lesions and relapses. EDSS score exhibited positive Pearson correlations with ADC, D, D*, the number of MS lesions, and the number of relapses (p-value < 0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis, only the number of MS lesions and relapses emerged as independent predictors of EDSS score (p-value < 0.001). Other variables, including ADC, D, D*, f, age, and disease duration, were not independently associated with EDSS score (p-value > 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the utility of IVIM parameters in detecting microstructural alterations associated with MS impairment. Despite relapse frequency and lesion count being the strongest predictors of EDSS score, IVIM metrics showed meaningful clinical correlations. The findings support combining IVIM biomarkers with clinical data for better disability assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Diseases: Biomarkers, Diagnosis and Prognosis)
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20 pages, 1706 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Wearable Devices for Motivating Post-Stroke Patients
by Klaudia Marek, Jan Górski, Piotr Karolczyk, Justyna Redlicka, Igor Zubrycki and Elżbieta Miller
Sensors 2025, 25(16), 5204; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25165204 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
The effectiveness of upper extremity rehabilitation in post-stroke patients significantly depends on patient motivation and adherence to therapeutic regimens. Rehabilitation-assistive technologies, including wearable sensors, have been adopted to facilitate intensive and repetitive exercises aimed at reducing hand dysfunction and enhancing quality of life. [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of upper extremity rehabilitation in post-stroke patients significantly depends on patient motivation and adherence to therapeutic regimens. Rehabilitation-assistive technologies, including wearable sensors, have been adopted to facilitate intensive and repetitive exercises aimed at reducing hand dysfunction and enhancing quality of life. Building upon the previously introduced Przypominajka (reminder) system reported in this journal—a wearable sensory glove coupled with a mobile application providing exercise guidance and monitoring—we conducted a feasibility study to evaluate its effectiveness in supporting upper limb rehabilitation. Sixteen post-stroke patients with hemiparesis were equally randomized into experimental and control groups. Both groups performed upper limb exercises for 45 min daily for over two weeks. The experimental group utilized the sensor-equipped glove and tablet-based exercises, whereas the control group followed printed exercise instructions. Clinical improvements were measured using the Fugl–Meyer Assessment–Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and MORE scales. The experimental group demonstrated a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the FMA-UE and reported greater overall improvement than the control group. This study confirms the feasibility and potential clinical benefit of supplementing post-stroke rehabilitation with sensor-augmented exercises provided by the previously described Przypominajka device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors-Based Healthcare Diagnostics, Monitoring and Medical Devices)
14 pages, 688 KiB  
Article
Research on Commuting Mode Split Model Based on Dominant Transportation Distance
by Jinhui Tan, Shuai Teng, Zongchao Liu, Wei Mao and Minghui Chen
Algorithms 2025, 18(8), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080534 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Conventional commuting mode split models are characterized by inherent limitations in dynamic adaptability, primarily due to persistent dependence on periodic survey data with significant temporal gaps. A dominant transportation distance-based modeling framework for commuting mode choice is proposed, formalizing a generalized cost function. [...] Read more.
Conventional commuting mode split models are characterized by inherent limitations in dynamic adaptability, primarily due to persistent dependence on periodic survey data with significant temporal gaps. A dominant transportation distance-based modeling framework for commuting mode choice is proposed, formalizing a generalized cost function. Through the application of random utility theory, probability density curves are generated to quantify mode-specific dominant distance ranges across three demographic groups: car-owning households, non-car households, and collective households. Empirical validation was conducted using Dongguan as a case study, with model parameters calibrated against 2015 resident travel survey data. Parameter updates are dynamically executed through the integration of big data sources (e.g., mobile signaling and LBS). Successful implementation has been achieved in maintaining Dongguan’s transportation models during the 2021 and 2023 iterations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algorithms for Smart Cities (2nd Edition))
19 pages, 3627 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Management Approaches to Heavy Metal Pollution in Arid Soils Using Soil Amendments and Plant-Based Remediation
by Nasser H. Almeaiweed, Saud S. Aloud, Khaled D. Alotaibi, Mohannad A. Al Watban, Waeel S. Alrobaish and Majed S. Alorf
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7558; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167558 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study examined the effect of sulfur, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), olive mill wastewater (OMW), and their mixtures in remediating metal-polluted soils by implementing both leaching trials and a greenhouse experiment with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In the leaching study, soils were subjected [...] Read more.
This study examined the effect of sulfur, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), olive mill wastewater (OMW), and their mixtures in remediating metal-polluted soils by implementing both leaching trials and a greenhouse experiment with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In the leaching study, soils were subjected to five discharge volumes (V1–V5). EDTA significantly improved metal mobility of Cd (221.4) mg·kg−1 in V2, Pb (340.8) mg·kg−1 in V3, and Zn (1.01) mg·kg−1 in V3, while OMW moderately mobilized Cd and Mn. However, sulfur mitigated leaching by buffering soil pH and metal immobilization. Mixed treatments revealed moderate leaching behavior. EDTA lowered soil pH (5.3) and raised EC (1763) µS/cm, while sulfur maintained stable chemical environments. In the greenhouse experiment, amendments significantly influenced biomass and metal uptake. Sunflower roots accumulated the highest Cd under sulfur (733.5) mg·kg−1 and Mn under EDTA (743.3) mg·kg−1. EDTA restricted Cd translocation (TF = 0), while OMW enhanced Cr movement to shoots (TF = 17.6). EDTA also reduced Cd bioavailability, whereas OMW raised Pb and Mn availability. Overall, EDTA improved metal solubility for potential removal and sulfur in stabilized metals, while OMW acted as a moderate mobilizer. Sunflower demonstrated selective metal uptake, indicating its potential in phytoremediation strategies tailored to specific contaminants. Full article
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16 pages, 339 KiB  
Article
Many Pros and a Little Cons: Experiences of First-Time Guide Dog Recipients
by Chalotte Glintborg, Johan Trettvik, Rasmus Holm and Tia G. B. Hansen
Animals 2025, 15(16), 2461; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162461 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Guide dogs are primarily seen as mobility aids for people with visual impairments, but they may also influence users’ psychological well-being and social lives. Benefits of being partnered with a guide dog have been found in several countries but Scandinavian studies are sparse. [...] Read more.
Guide dogs are primarily seen as mobility aids for people with visual impairments, but they may also influence users’ psychological well-being and social lives. Benefits of being partnered with a guide dog have been found in several countries but Scandinavian studies are sparse. This qualitative study explores the lived experiences of six Danish guide dog partners through semi-structured interviews. A reflexive thematic analysis found six primary benefits: improved mobility, increased physical activity, enhanced freedom and independence, new social interactions, a strong emotional bond with the dog, and better mental well-being. Users also reported challenges, including frequent distractions caused by the public interacting with the dog, difficulties during the initial adjustment period, increased cleaning, and occasional trouble finding care for the dog. Participants unanimously emphasized the irreplaceable value of their guide dogs and positive socioemotional dimensions of guide dog partnerships. The findings add Scandinavian voices that support existing international research and note three areas of potential improvement: better public education about guide dog etiquette, enhanced support during the adjustment period, and improved care-sharing arrangements. The study underscores the importance of considering guide dogs as both functional aids and sources of emotional and social support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assistance Dogs—What Should We Focus On)
34 pages, 1126 KiB  
Article
Bayesian Predictive Model for Electric Level 4 Connected Automated Vehicle Adoption
by Ata M. Khan
Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030108 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Electric Level 4 connected automated vehicles (CAVs) are now allowed to demonstrate their automation capability in shared mobility robotaxi and microtransit services in geofenced areas in several cities around the world. Private and public sector stake-holders need predictions of their adoption without regulatory [...] Read more.
Electric Level 4 connected automated vehicles (CAVs) are now allowed to demonstrate their automation capability in shared mobility robotaxi and microtransit services in geofenced areas in several cities around the world. Private and public sector stake-holders need predictions of their adoption without regulatory constraints for personal mobility and use in shared mobility services. In anticipation of the future presence of CAVs in transportation vehicle fleets, governments are planning necessary regulatory and infrastructure changes. Accompanying this need for forecasts is the acknowledgement that CAV adoption decisions must be made under uncertain states of technology and infrastructure readiness. This paper presents a Bayesian predictive modelling framework for electric Level 4 CAV adoption in the 2030–2035 application context. The inputs to the Bayesian model are obtained from effectiveness estimates of CAV applications that are processed with the Monte Carlo method to account for uncertainties in these estimates. Scenarios of CAV adoption in the 2030–2035 period are analyzed using the Bayesian model, including the quantification of the value of new information obtainable from demonstration studies intended to reduce uncertainties in technology and infrastructure readiness. The results show that in the 2030–2035 application context, the CAVs are likely to be adopted, provided that the trajectory of progress in technology and infrastructure readiness continues, and potential adopters are offered opportunities to learn about Level 4 CAV technological capabilities in a real life service environment. The threshold level of the probability of adoption enhances significantly with high-reliability demonstration results that can reduce uncertainties in adoption decisions. The findings of this research can be used by private and public sector interest groups. Full article
22 pages, 1904 KiB  
Article
Management of Virtualized Railway Applications
by Ivaylo Atanasov, Evelina Pencheva and Kamelia Nikolova
Information 2025, 16(8), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080712 - 21 Aug 2025
Abstract
Robust, reliable, and secure communications are essential for efficient railway operation and keeping employees and passengers safe. The Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) is a global standard aimed at providing innovative, essential, and high-performance communication applications in railway transport. In comparison with [...] Read more.
Robust, reliable, and secure communications are essential for efficient railway operation and keeping employees and passengers safe. The Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) is a global standard aimed at providing innovative, essential, and high-performance communication applications in railway transport. In comparison with the legacy communication system (GSM-R), it provides high data rates, ultra-high reliability, and low latency. The FRMCS architecture will also benefit from cloud computing, following the principles of the cloud-native 5G core network design based on Network Function Virtualization (NFV). In this paper, an approach to the management of virtualized FRMCS applications is presented. First, the key management functionality related to the virtualized FRMCS application is identified based on an analysis of the different use cases. Next, this functionality is synthesized as RESTful services. The communication between application management and the services is designed as Application Programing Interfaces (APIs). The APIs are formally verified by modeling the management states of an FRMCS application instance from different points of view, and it is mathematically proved that the management state models are synchronized in time. The latency introduced by the designed APIs, as a key performance indicator, is evaluated through emulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Information Applications)
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