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Article

Structural Evidence for Pnictogen-Centered Lewis Acidity in Cationic Platinum-Stibine Complexes Featuring Pendent Amino or Ammonium Groups †

by
Roberta R. Rodrigues
and
François P. Gabbaï
*
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
In memory of Alan H. Cowley, a most inspiring Ph.D. advisor, and a great friend.
Molecules 2021, 26(7), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071985
Submission received: 3 March 2021 / Revised: 24 March 2021 / Accepted: 26 March 2021 / Published: 1 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Thematic Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Alan H. Cowley)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
As part of our continuing interest in the chemistry of cationic antimony Lewis acids as ligands for late transition metals, we have now investigated the synthesis of platinum complexes featuring a triarylstibine ligand substituted by an o-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl group referred to as ArN. More specifically, we describe the synthesis of the amino stibine ligand Ph2SbArN (L) and its platinum dichloride complex [LPtCl]Cl which exists as a chloride salt and which shows weak coordination of the amino group to the antimony center. We also report the conversion of [LPtCl]Cl into a tricationic complex [LHPt(SMe2)]3+ which has been isolated as a tris-triflate salt after reaction of [LPtCl]Cl with SMe2, HOTf and AgOTf. Finally, we show that [LHPt(SMe2)][OTf]3 acts as a catalyst for the cyclization of 2-allyl-2-(2-propynyl)malonate.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The chemistry of stibines is attracted a renewed interest because of applications in material science and catalysis [1,2,3,4]. Although a parallel is often drawn with the ubiquitous phosphine ligands, stibines display several atypical traits and can, for example, undergo redox reactions without dissociation of the coordinated metal [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Moreover, while phosphines mostly act as two-electron donor spectator ligands, stibines have been shown to display Lewis acidic properties, even when coordinated to a transition metal [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. These Lewis acidic properties manifest in the formation of long contacts between the antimony center of cationic complexes and counteranions as in complex [A]+ which was isolated by Reid (Figure 1) [11]. Short contacts, akin to polar covalent bonds, can also be formed in the case of small halide anions, including the fluoride anion [23]. Such behavior comes to the fore in the case of complexes featuring bis(phosphino)stibine ligands such as [B]+ which is readily converted into C in the presence of a fluoride anion (Figure 1) [23].
A previous article described the platinum complex D, which features a chloride anion coordinated to the antimony center trans from the platinum atom (Figure 1) [13]. The resulting Sb-Cl bond formed by this complex is ~14% longer than the sum of the covalent radii indicating partial ionicity. This lengthening suggested that the simple addition of a donor functionality would suffice in promoting the dissociation of this anion, providing access to a cationic complex. Therefore, based on this simple hypothesis, we have decided to replace the antimony-bound phenyl group of D by an o-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl group. This substituent is known to form intramolecular N-Sb bonds when incorporated in antimony derivatives [24,25] as demonstrated over two decades ago by Cowley, Jones, and Norman [26] as well as by Akiba [27]. In this paper, we report the results of our efforts along with the conversion of the target complex in a triflate derivative that behaves as a carbophilic catalyst.

2. Results and Discussion

As a first step, we decided to introduce the o-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl group by reaction of the corresponding lithium salt [27] with the bis(phosphino)chlorostibine 1 [28] as shown in Scheme 1. The reaction was carried out in toluene upon heating to 80 °C. Following standard workup and column chromatography, the new amino-functionalized ligand 2 was obtained as an air-stable solid in 71% yield The presence of the o-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl group could be easily confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, which displays resonances at 1.69 ppm and 3.37 ppm (in C6D6) corresponding to the benzylic methylene and dimethylamino groups, respectively. Integration of these two resonances produced the expected intensity ratio when referenced to the resonances arising from the phenylene protons in the aromatic region of the spectrum. The presence of the phosphino groups was easily confirmed by the detection of a single resonance at −8.19 ppm in the 31P NMR spectrum.
With this ligand at our disposal, we decided to investigate its reaction with (Me2S)2PtCl2. This reaction, which was carried out in CH2Cl2 at room temperature, proceeded smoothly to afford complex [3][Cl] as an air-stable solid in 89% yield. The 31P NMR spectrum of complex [3][Cl] features a resonance at 49.52 ppm that displays the expected 195Pt satellites. The 1JPt−P coupling constant of 2524 Hz is comparable to that measured for complex D (1JPt−P = 2706 Hz), suggesting the formation of a divalent square planar platinum complex. Other notable spectroscopic features include a downfield of the phenylene proton positioned ortho from the antimony atom from 7.50 ppm in 2 to 8.37 ppm in [3][Cl]. Finally, the benzylic methylene and dimethylamino group give rise to sharp resonances at 1.71 ppm and 3.10 ppm, respectively. Because the chemical shift of these resonances is close to those in the free ligand 2, we resorted to X-ray analysis to elucidate the antimony atom’s coordination environment in [3][Cl] and the eventual presence of a dative N→Sb dative interaction.
Single crystals of complex [3][Cl] could be easily obtained upon diffusion of pentane into a CH2Cl2 solution of [3][Cl] at ambient temperature in air. Complex [3][Cl] crystallized in the P21/c space group with one molecule in the asymmetric unit (Table 1, Figure 2). Inspection of the solid-state structure indicated the formation of a cationic complex formed by complete ionization of the Sb–Cl bond, resulting in the presence of a chloride counter anion sitting in the lattice and forming a hydrogen bond with an adventitious water molecule. The cationic complex [3]+ possesses a platinum atom in a square planar geometry with a chloride ligand coordinated trans from the antimony atom as in the case of D [13]. The resulting Sb–Pt bonds of 2.4928(5) Å is notably shorter than that in D (2.5380(8) Å). This shortening can be correlated to the absence of an antimony-bound chloride ligand in the case of [3][Cl]. Indeed, at first glance, the antimony moiety of [3]+ corresponds to a rather classical platinum-coordinated stibine unit. In support of this formulation, we note that the Sb–Pt bond in [3][Cl] is comparable to that found in classical coordination complexes such as cis-[PtCl2(SbPh3)2] (av. 2.50 Å) [29]. The Pt–Cl distance of 2.3621(15) Å is slightly shorter than that in D (2.3851(16) Å), indicating that the platinum center of [3][Cl] is slightly more electrophilic than in D. Finally, we note that the nitrogen of the amino group sits at 2.962(7) Å from the antimony center.
This distance is longer than that measured in E [30] or F [26], which possess N→Sb dative interactions of 2.693(11) Å and 2.463(2) Å, respectively (Figure 3). Based on this comparison, we conclude that an N→Sb dative interaction is also present in [3][Cl], even if weaker than in E and F. Efforts to reproduce the experimental geometry with DFT methods were not successful and led to computed structures where the Sb–N distance was overestimated by ~0.3 Å. We assign our difficulty in reproducing this distance to its inherent weakness. An optimization carried out with the MPW1PW91 functional, a mixed basis set, and application of a solvation model afforded a N–Sb distance of 3.26 Å. Despite this elongation, an NBO analysis of the bonding indicates the persistence of an N→Sb dative interaction that accounts for Edel = 8.0 kcal/mol to the stability of the molecule (Figure 2, Figure S11).
This distance is longer than that measured in E [30] or F [26], which possess N→Sb dative interactions of 2.693(11) Å and 2.463(2) Å, respectively (Figure 3). Based on this comparison, we conclude that an N→Sb dative interaction is also present in [3][Cl], even if weaker than in E and F. Efforts to reproduce the experimental geometry with DFT methods were not successful and led to computed structures where the Sb–N distance was overestimated by ~0.3 Å. We assign our difficulty in reproducing this distance to its inherent weakness. An optimization carried out with the MPW1PW91 functional, a mixed basis set, and application of a solvation model afforded a N–Sb distance of 3.26 Å. Despite this elongation, an NBO analysis of the bonding indicates the persistence of an N→Sb dative interaction that accounts for Edel = 8.0 kcal/mol to the stability of the molecule (Figure 2, Figure S11).
Given these results, we became eager to verify if this interaction was nonetheless sufficient to promote dissociation of the chloride anion from the antimony atom in solution. To this end, we decided to carry out conductance measurements in CH2Cl2 solution. In keeping with literature precedents, we decided to carry out these measurements with solution containing 1 mM concentration of the species [31]. We first benchmarked our technique using Ph3SbCl2 and [Ph4Sb][OTf] [32], which afforded molar conductivities (ΛΜ) of 0.26 and 48.4 S∙cm2 mol−1, respectively. These results indicated that Ph3SbCl2 does not dissociate under these conditions while [Ph4Sb][OTf] behaves as a 1:1 electrolyte. Next, we compared complex D and [3][Cl] and observed a contrasting behavior. Indeed while D shows a low conductivity 18.52 S cm2 mol−1, [3][Cl] displays a molar conductance of 52.4 S∙cm2 mol−1, close to that of [Ph4Sb][OTf] indicating that [3][Cl] is also 1:1 electrolyte. To ascertain this conclusion, we also measured the conductance of [Ph4Sb][OTf] and [3][Cl] at 0.5 and 0.1 mmol. Via extrapolation of the resulting data points to infinite concentrations, we obtained Λ° values of 138 S cm2 mol−1 for [Ph4Sb][OTf] and 120 S cm2 mol−1 for [3][Cl]. These values match the range determined for similar 1:1 electrolytes in organic solvents [33]. These experiments indicate that, despite the weakness of the N–Sb interaction, the presence of a dimethylamino-methylene group was sufficient to drive the heterolytic dissociation of the Sb–Cl bond both in solution as well as in the solid-state.
In prior studies, we have observed that antimony platinum triflate complexes are endowed with attractive carbophilic reactivity [34,35]. Encouraged by these recent findings, we attempted to convert [3][Cl] into the corresponding bis(triflate) derivative. This reaction proved inconsistent and failed to deliver the targeted bis(triflate). In one of these reactions, which was carried out by treating a crude batch of 2 with AgOTf, a small crop of crystals of a new complex was isolated. X-ray analysis of these crystals revealed the formation of a tricationic complex isolated as a triflate salt (Table 1, Figure 4). The structure of this new salt, referred to as [4][OTf]3, also showed protonation of the nitrogen atom as well as the presence of a dimethylsulfide ligand bound to the platinum center. Because of its protonation, the nitrogen atom is no longer involved in a donor–acceptor interaction with the antimony atom. The latter adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry and is coordinated to the square planar platinum atom, trans from the site occupied by the Me2S ligand. The resulting Sb–Pt distance of 2.4929(3) Å is almost identical to that in [3][Cl]. The dimethylsulfide ligand is bound to the platinum atom via a Pt-S distance of 2.3864(2) Å which can be compared to the value of 2.3611(8) Å measured in the cationic complex [κ2-2-NMe2-3-PiPr2-indene)PtMe(SMe2)]+ [36]. Finally, the ammonium group forms a hydrogen bonding interaction with one of the triflate counter anions (Figure 4). This triflate counter anion is also involved in a long Sb–O contact of 3.215(3) Å, along the direction of the Sb–Pt bond. Another triflate anion approaches the antimony center along the direction defined by the Sb–CPh bond, leading to another Sb–O contact of 3.229(4) Å. These contacts are reminiscent of those observed in the structure of complexes such as A.
The presence of dimethylsulfide in [4][OTf]3 suggested it was present as an impurity in the crude batch of 2 used in the experiment. Aiming for a reproducible and higher-yielding synthesis of [4][OTf]3, [3][Cl] was treated with AgOTf (6 equiv.) in the presence of triflic acid and dimethylsulfide (Scheme 2). This procedure afforded [4][OTf]3 in a 45% yield. The 31P NMR spectrum of [4][OTf]3 features a single resonance at 50.65 ppm coupled to the 195Pt nuclei by 1JPt−P = 3020 Hz. This value, although larger than that for [3][Cl] remains consistent with the existence of a divalent platinum center. In the 1H NMR spectrum, the phenylene proton positioned ortho from the antimony atom appears at 8.75 ppm, a value that can be compared to that of 8.37 ppm measured for [3][Cl]. The benzylic methylene group is observed at 2.78 ppm, while the nitrogen-bound methyl group gives rise to a doublet (3JH-H = 5.0 Hz) at 2.07 ppm. The ammonium proton gives rise to a broad signal at 6.94 ppm. Freshly prepared crystals of [4][OTf]3 show a 1H NMR resonance at 1.76 ppm assigned to the dimethylsulfide ligand. The coordination of this ligand to the platinum center was confirmed by the detection of 195Pt satellites spaces by a 3JPt-H coupling constant of 43.9 Hz. This value is comparable to that of 36.5 Hz reported for [κ2-2-NMe2-3-PiPr2-indene)PtMe(SMe2)]+ [36].
To conclude this study, we tested the catalytic activity of [4][OTf]3 in the cycloisomerization of 2-allyl-2-(2-propynyl)malonate, a reaction type well known to be promoted by electrophilic platinum catalysts [19,34,37,38]. We found that the reaction proceeded in CD2Cl2 when carried out in a sealed NMR tube at 50 °C (Scheme 3). With a catalyst loading of 5 mol%, monitoring of the reaction by 1H NMR spectroscopy showed the formation of the five-membered isomer with a conversion greater than 90% after 3 h (see Figure S10). When the same reaction was attempted with [3][Cl], no conversion was observed even after 24 h, at the same temperature. This difference underscored the advantages gained by introduction of triflate counterions. Finally, we will note the parallel that exists between [4][OTf]3 and [(o-(Ph2P)C6H4)2Sb(OTf)2]PtCl (G), which also promoted such enyne cyclization reactions, albeit at room temperature [34]. The higher temperature needed in the case of [4][OTf]3 is tentatively assigned to the presence of a Me2S ligand which tames the reactivity of the platinum center.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Experimental Considerations

Compound 1 and PtCl2(SMe2)2 was prepared according to the reported procedure [28,39]. Toluene and Et2O were dried by reflux under N over Na/K and distilled before use. MeCN and CH2Cl2 were dried over CaH2 and distilled before use. Pentane was dried over activated molecular sieves. All other solvents were used as received. Commercially available chemicals were purchased and used as provided (Commercial sources: Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA for SbCl3; Matrix Scientific, Columbia, SC, USA for AgOTf). Ambient temperature NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 400 or 500 FT NMR (499.42 MHz for 1H, 125.62 MHz for 13C, 469.89 MHz for 19F, 202.16 MHz for 31P). 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts are given in ppm and are referenced against SiMe4 using residual solvent signals used as secondary standards. Elemental analyses (EA) were performed at Atlantic Microlab (Norcross, GA, USA).

3.2. Synthesis of Compound 2

Compound 1 (344 mg, 0.51 mmol) and (2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)lithium were dissolved in toluene (2 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 80 °C for 12 h. The solution was filtered, and the solvent evaporated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using 10–20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 2 as a white solid (280 mg, 71% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz; C6D6): δ 7.60–7.34 (m, 3H), 7.35–7.25(m, 9H), 7.02–6.95 (m, 19H), 6.90 (t, 1H, 3JH–H = 8.0 Hz), 3.37 (s, 2H), 1.69 (s, 6.00 H). 13C{1H} NMR (125.62 MHz; C6D6): δ 153.2 (dd, JC-P = 55.7 Hz), 144.22 (s), 144.17 (d, JC-P = 4.8 Hz), 142.80 (t, JC-P = 12.9 Hz),138.12 (s), 137.66 (d, JC-P = 14.1 Hz), 137.05 (d, JC-P = 14.1 Hz), 136.42 (d, JC-P = 14.1 Hz), 133.30 (d, JC-P = 20.7 Hz), 133.12 (s), 132.67 (d, JC-P = 20.7 Hz), 128.23 (s), 64.92 (s), 43.17 (s). 31P{1H} NMR (161.74 MHz; C6D6): δ −8.19. This compound was not subjected to combustion analysis. The reported yield was thus a crude yield. The NMR spectra of this derivative are available in Figures S1–S3.

3.3. Synthesis of [3][Cl]

Compound 2 (527 mg, 0.68 mmol) and PtCl2(SMe2)2 (245 mg, 0.63 mmol) were combined in CH2Cl2 (2 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 12 h, the solvent was removed under vacuum and the crude residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (1 mL). The resulting solution was added dropwise to 10 mL of Et2O which resulted in the precipitation of [3][Cl] as a light yellow solid. This compound was isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum. This procedure afforded [3][Cl] in a crude yield of 96% yield (630 mg). 1H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl3): δ 8.37 (d, 2H, o-P(Sb)C6H4, 3JH–H = 8.0 Hz), 7.90 (t, 2H, 3JH–H = 8.0 Hz), 7.67–7.52 (m, 6H), 7.50–7.28 (m, 16H), 7.27–7.24 (m, 3H), 7.01 (d, 1H, 3JH–H = 8.0 Hz), 6.90 (d, 1H, 3JH–H = 8 Hz), 6.82 (t, 1H, 3JH–H = 8.0 Hz), 3.10 (s, 2H), 1.71 (s, 6H). 13C{1H} NMR (125.62 MHz; CDCl3): δ 141.06 (s), 140.51 (t, JC-P = 19.7 Hz), 138.94 (t, JC-P = 30.3 Hz), 136.77 (s), 136.12 (brs), 135.76 (t, JC-P = 9.2 Hz), 134.06 (m), 132.72 (brs), 132.28 (s), 132.18 (s), 131.88 (s), 129.46 (t, JC-P = 5.6 Hz), 128.94–128.60 (m), 128.34 (s), 128.13 (brs), 127.91 (s), 127.66 (s), 126.52 (s), 63.02 (s), 45.87 (s). 31P{1H} NMR (161.74 MHz; CDCl3): δ 49.52 (s, 1JPt–P = 2706 Hz). The compound could be recrystallized by diffusion of pentane into a CH2Cl2 of [3][Cl] at ambient temperature in air. This procedure afforded crystals of [3][Cl] with two interstitial molecules of CH2Cl2 and one molecule of water as established by X-ray diffraction. A portion of the recrystallized sample was subjected to combustion analysis, which afforded the following results. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C45H40Cl2NP2PtSb-H2O-0.5(CH2Cl2): C: 49.46, H: 3.92; found: C 49.50, H: 3.95. These combustion analysis results suggested the presence of interstitial water and CH2Cl2, with the latter being partly depleted, presumably as a result of solvent loss during shipping. The NMR spectra of this derivative are available in Figures S4–S6.

3.4. Synthesis of [4][OTf]3

Salt [3][Cl] (100 mg, 0.10 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (1ml) and treated with AgOTf (148 mg, 0.58 mmol) under an N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h then one drop of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and one drop of dimethyl sulfite was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was then allowed to stir for 12 h. The AgCl precipitate was filtered with 0.45 um PTFE syringe filter and the product was isolated by vapor diffusion of Et2O (2 mL) into MeCN to yield colorless crystals (70 mg, 48% yield) suitable for X-ray diffraction. 1H NMR (400 MHz; CD3CN): δ 8.92 (d, 2H, o-P(Sb)C6H4, 3JH–H = 8.0 Hz), 8.20 (brs, 1H) 7.96 (t, 2H, 3JH–H = 8.0 Hz), 7.92–7.81 (m, 4H), 7.80–7.56 (m, 21H), 7.45–7.37(m, 2H), 6.70 (t, 1H, 3JH–H = 4.0 Hz), 6.12 (d, 1H, 3JH–H = 8.1 Hz), 2.76 (d, 6H, 3JH–H = 5.0 Hz), 2.20 (d, 6H, 3JH–H = 5.0 Hz), 1.76 (s, 6H, 3JPt–H = 43.9 Hz). 13C{1H} NMR (125.62 MHz; CDCl3): δ 142.02 (t, JC-P = 34.0 Hz), 137.89 (t, JC-P = 7.6 Hz), 136.46 (brs), 135.79 (t, JC-P = 7.7 Hz), 135.46 (s), 135.31–134.98 (m), 134.64 (brs), 134.56 (s), 134.36 (t, JC-P = 6.64 Hz), 134.06 (s), 132.90 (s), 132.85 (s), 131.61 (s), 131.56 (s), 131.53 (s), 130.47 (t, JC-P = 5.6 Hz), 126.12 (t, JC-P = 29.8 Hz), 125.50 (t, JC-P = 29.6 Hz), 122.15 (s), 119.60 (s), 117.05 (s), 116.94 (s), 60.13 (s), 42.84 (s), 23.21 (s). 31P{1H} NMR (161.74 MHz; CDCl3): δ 50.65 (s, 1JPt–P = 3020 Hz). Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C48H41F9NO9P2PtS3Sb: C: 40.47, H: 3.9; found: C 40.38, H: 3.32. The NMR spectra of this derivative are available in Figures S7–S9.

3.5. Conductance Measurements

Conductance measurements were carried out in CH2Cl2 at concentrations using a Mettler Toledo FiveGo conductivity probe. All compounds were first measured at 1 mM concentrations. In the case of [Ph4Sb][OTf] and [3][Cl], conductance measurements were carried out at three concentrations affording: at 1 mM, 0.5 mM, and 0.1 mM, affording the following conductance values: 48.4 μS cm−1 at 1 mM, 28.8 μS cm−1 at 0.5 mM, and 9.22 μS cm−1 at 0.1 mM for Ph4SbOTf; 52.4 μS cm−1 at 1 mM, 29.0 μS cm−1 at 0.5 mM, and 8.4 μS cm−1 at 0.1 mM for [3][Cl]. The Λ° molar conductivity values were obtained by plotting the conductance data as a function of the square root of the concentration and by extrapolating to infinite dilution.

3.6. Crystallographic Measurements

The crystallographic measurements were performed at 110(2) K using a Bruker Venture diffractometer ([3][Cl]) (Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å) and a Bruker Quest diffractometer for [4][OTf]3 (Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å). In each case, a specimen of suitable size and quality was selected and mounted onto a nylon loop and cooled to 110(2) K in a cold nitrogen stream (OXFORD Crysosystems). The data were collected and reduced using Bruker AXS APEX 3 software [40] and solved by direct methods. Semiempirical absorption corrections were applied using SADABS [41]. Subsequent refinement was carried with the SHELXTL/PC package (version 6.1 & OLEX2) [42,43]. Thermal parameters were refined anisotropically for all non-hydrogen atoms to convergence. Hydrogen atoms were added at idealized positions using a riding model. CCDC 2067400 ([3][Cl]) and 2067401 ([4][OTf]3) contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44-1223-336033; E-mail: [email protected].

3.7. DFT Calculations

The structure of complex [3]+ was optimized using DFT methods (see Table S1 for resulting atomic coordinates) in Gaussian 09 [44]. In all cases, the crystal structure of derivative was chosen as a starting point and the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) (solvent = water) was applied during the optimization. The following level of theory was employed: MPW1PW91 functional and a mixed basis set (cc-pVTZ-PP for Pt and Sb; 6-311G(d,p) for H/C/N/P/Cl). Frequency calculations, performed at the same level of theory with application of the PCM (solvent = acetonitrile), found no imaginary frequencies. NBO analysis was performed with the NBO 6.0 program [45] using the same level of theory as in the optimization.

4. Conclusions

The results presented in this study show that the inclusion of a pendent dimethylamino group positioned next to the antimony center of [3][Cl] promotes chloride anion dissociation from the antimony center, facilitating cation formation. As indicated by the isolation of [4][OTf]3, this amino group can also be readily protonated without compromising the PtSb dinuclear core’s integrity. Although the carbophilic reactivity of [4][OTf]3 suffers from the presence of a Me2S ligand bound to the platinum center, the inclusion of a donor amino functionality may present advantages. Indeed, we speculate that such a functionality could relay protons during catalysis and possibly facilitate protodematellation steps, a possibility we are investigating by attempting the incorporation of ligand 2 in complexes with exposed late transition metals. Finally, the electron-deficient characteristics of [4][OTf]3 manifest in the formation of two long Sb-Otriflate contacts speaking to the Lewis acidic or pnictogen-bond donor properties of the antimony atom in this structure.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online, Figure S1: 1H NMR of compound 2 in C6D6, Figure S2: 13C{1H} NMR of compound 2 in C6D6, Figure S3: 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of compound 2 in C6D6, Figure S4:1H NMR spectrum of compound [3][Cl] in CDCl3, Figure S5: 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of compound [3][Cl] in CDCl3, Figure S6:13C{1H} NMR spectrum of compound [3][Cl] in CDCl3, Figure S7:1H NMR spectrum of compound [4][OTf]3 in CD2Cl2, Figure S8: 13C{1H} NMR spectrum of compound [4][OTf]3 in CD2Cl2, Figure S9: 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of [4][OTf]3 in CD2Cl2, Figure S10: 1H NMR spectra of collected during the cyclization of 2-allyl-2-(2-propynyl)malonate catalyzed by [4][OTf]3 (5 mol%) in CD2Cl2 at 50 °C, Figure S11: Selected Natural Bond Orbitals involved in the N→Sb interaction present in the [3]+, Table S1: Cartesian coordinates (in Å) for the optimized structure of [3]+.

Author Contributions

R.R.R. carried out the experimental work and co-designed the study with F.P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE-1856453), the Welch Foundation (A-1423), and Texas A&M University (Arthur E. Martell Chair of Chemistry).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data is available in the Supplementary Materials accompanying this article.

Acknowledgments

We thank Elishua Litle for his help in refining the structure of [3][Cl].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

The compounds described in this paper were not synthesized in sufficiently large quantities to be available for distribution.

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Molecules 26 01985 g001 550
Figure 1. Structure of representative stibine complexes in which the antimony atom displays Lewis acidic properties.
Figure 1. Structure of representative stibine complexes in which the antimony atom displays Lewis acidic properties.
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Molecules 26 01985 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of ligand 2 and its conversion into the corresponding platinum(II) complex [3][Cl].
Scheme 1. Synthesis of ligand 2 and its conversion into the corresponding platinum(II) complex [3][Cl].
Molecules 26 01985 sch001
Molecules 26 01985 g002 550
Figure 2. Solid-state structure of complex [3][Cl]. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. The hydrogen atoms, interstitial solvent molecules, and counteranions are omitted for clarity while the Ph groups are draw as thin lines. Relevant metrical parameters can be found in the text.
Figure 2. Solid-state structure of complex [3][Cl]. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. The hydrogen atoms, interstitial solvent molecules, and counteranions are omitted for clarity while the Ph groups are draw as thin lines. Relevant metrical parameters can be found in the text.
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Molecules 26 01985 g003 550
Figure 3. Selected examples of derivatives with N→Sb dative interactions.
Figure 3. Selected examples of derivatives with N→Sb dative interactions.
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Molecules 26 01985 g004 550
Figure 4. Solid-state structure of complex [4][OTf]3. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. The hydrogen atoms, interstitial solvent molecules, and counteranions are omitted for clarity while the Ph groups are draw as thin lines. The inset shows weak interactions involving the triflate anions along with selected distances. Other relevant metrical parameters can be found in the text.
Figure 4. Solid-state structure of complex [4][OTf]3. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. The hydrogen atoms, interstitial solvent molecules, and counteranions are omitted for clarity while the Ph groups are draw as thin lines. The inset shows weak interactions involving the triflate anions along with selected distances. Other relevant metrical parameters can be found in the text.
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Molecules 26 01985 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of [4][OTf]3.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of [4][OTf]3.
Molecules 26 01985 sch002
Molecules 26 01985 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Enyne cyclization reaction used to benchmark the catalytic activity of the complexes.
Scheme 3. Enyne cyclization reaction used to benchmark the catalytic activity of the complexes.
Molecules 26 01985 sch003
Table
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for [3][Cl] and [4]OTf3 1.
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for [3][Cl] and [4]OTf3 1.
[3][Cl]-(CH2Cl2)2-(H2O)[4]OTf3-MeCN
Empirical formula C47H46Cl6NOP2PtSbC52H50F9N2O9P2PtS4Sb
M 1232.33 g/mol1524.96 g/mol
Temperature 110 K110 K
Wavelength 1.54178 Å0.71073 Å
Crystal system MonoclinicMonoclinic
Space group P21/cP21/c
Unit cell dimensionsa = 11.0507(5) Åa = 13.2984(15) Å
b = 18.1574(8) Åb = 14.3100(17) Å
c = 24.0847(11) Å
β = 99.231(2)°		c = 30.743(3) Å
β = 101.601(3)°
Volume4770.1(4) Å35730.9(11) Å3
Z44
Density (calculated)1.716 g/cm31.767 g/cm3
Absorption coefficient13.906 mm−13.196 mm−1
Θ range3.062 to 66.593°.1.963 to 28.281°.
Reflections collected56,128126,808
Independent reflections8379 [Rint = 0.0648]14,206 [Rint = 0.0639]
Goodness-of-fit on F21.0651.081
R indices (all data)R1 = 0.0494, wR2 = 0.1206R1 = 0.0530, wR2 = 0.0853
1 Additional details are available in the CIF files that have been deposited with the CCCDC.
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Rodrigues, R.R.; Gabbaï, F.P. Structural Evidence for Pnictogen-Centered Lewis Acidity in Cationic Platinum-Stibine Complexes Featuring Pendent Amino or Ammonium Groups. Molecules 2021, 26, 1985. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071985

AMA Style

Rodrigues RR, Gabbaï FP. Structural Evidence for Pnictogen-Centered Lewis Acidity in Cationic Platinum-Stibine Complexes Featuring Pendent Amino or Ammonium Groups. Molecules. 2021; 26(7):1985. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071985

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigues, Roberta R., and François P. Gabbaï. 2021. "Structural Evidence for Pnictogen-Centered Lewis Acidity in Cationic Platinum-Stibine Complexes Featuring Pendent Amino or Ammonium Groups" Molecules 26, no. 7: 1985. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071985

APA Style

Rodrigues, R. R., & Gabbaï, F. P. (2021). Structural Evidence for Pnictogen-Centered Lewis Acidity in Cationic Platinum-Stibine Complexes Featuring Pendent Amino or Ammonium Groups. Molecules, 26(7), 1985. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071985

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