Crassolide Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation and Attenuates Experimental Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. No Discernible Toxicity of Crassolide
2.2. Crassolide Lowered LPS-Induced Expressions of Co-Stimulatory Molecules and Secretions of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in BMDCs
2.3. Crassolide Suppressed LPS-Induced Antigen-Specific T Cell Proliferation and Cytokines Production in DCs
2.4. Crassolide Inhibited IRAK-1 Phosphorylation and NF-κB Activation in BMDCs
2.5. Therapeutic Effects of Crassolide on APS Manifestations
2.6. Crassolide Suppressed Splenic DC Maturation and Cytokines Production in APS Mice
2.7. Crassolide Suppressed Β2GPI-Specific Splenic Th1 and Th17 Responses in APS Mice
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Preparation of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells (BMDCs)
4.3. Chemicals
4.4. Cell Viability Assay
4.5. Flow Cytometric Analyses of Surface Makers on Both BMDCs In Vitro and Splenic DCs Ex Vivo
4.6. Analyses of Cytokine Expressions
4.7. Analyses of OT-II T Cell Activation
4.8. Western Blotting
4.9. Preparation of Nuclear Extracts and Measurement of NF-κB Activity
4.10. Animal Models of Obstetric APS
4.11. Animal Models of Vascular APS
4.12. Evaluation of Side Effects Relevant to Carssolide Treatment in Mice
4.13. Treatments
4.14. Determination of Platelet Count and aPTT
4.15. Analyses of Blood Titer of Anti-β2GPI IgG Antibody
4.16. Proliferative Response and Cytokine Production of Murine Spleen Cells after β2GPI Stimulation
4.17. Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
4.18. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Normal Mice | Vehicle-Treated APS Mice | Crassolide 5 mg/kg-Treated APS Mice | |
---|---|---|---|
aPTT (s) | 19.3 ± 7.2 *** | 91.3 ± 21.4 | 43.3 ± 23.6 * |
Platelet count (1 × 103 c3lls) | 673 ± 199 *** | 312 ± 183 | 495 ± 136 * |
Anti-β2GPI (O.D. 450 nm) | 0.11 ± 0.21 *** | 1.96 ± 0.71 | 0.65 ± 0.42 ** |
Fetal loss (%) | 14 ± 6 * | 46 ± 8 | 23 ± 4 * |
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Lin, C.-C.; Chang, Y.-K.; Lin, S.-C.; Su, J.-H.; Chao, Y.-H.; Tang, K.-T. Crassolide Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation and Attenuates Experimental Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Molecules 2021, 26, 2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092492
Lin C-C, Chang Y-K, Lin S-C, Su J-H, Chao Y-H, Tang K-T. Crassolide Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation and Attenuates Experimental Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Molecules. 2021; 26(9):2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092492
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Chi-Chien, Yu-Kang Chang, Shih-Chao Lin, Jui-Hsin Su, Ya-Hsuan Chao, and Kuo-Tung Tang. 2021. "Crassolide Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation and Attenuates Experimental Antiphospholipid Syndrome" Molecules 26, no. 9: 2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092492