A Simple and Reliable Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Smartphone-Based Digital Images for Determination of Carbaryl Residues in Andrographis paniculata Herbal Medicines Using Simple Peroxidase Extract from Senna siamea Lam. Bark
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Activity of Peroxidase Crude-Extract
2.2. Suggested Reaction between Peroxidase Extracts and Carbaryl
2.3. Optimization of Operational Parameters for Determination of Carbaryl by Smartphone-Based Digital Images
2.4. Optimized Conditions for Determination of Carbaryl Using Crude Peroxidase Enzyme
2.4.1. Effect of pH
2.4.2. Effect of 4-AP Concentration
2.4.3. Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration
2.4.4. Effect of Peroxidase Enzyme Volume
2.4.5. Effect of Incubation Time
2.5. DLLME Optimization for Carbaryl Detection
2.5.1. Effect of Types and Volume of Extraction Solvents
2.5.2. Effect of Types and Volume of Dispersive Solvents
2.5.3. Effect of Ionic Strength
2.5.4. Effect of Vortex Time
2.5.5. Effect of Centrifugation Time
2.6. Analytical Characteristics
2.7. Recovery and Carbaryl Residues in Andrographis paniculata Herbal Medicines
2.8. Selectivity for the Determination of Carbaryl by Peroxidase Enzymatic Reaction
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Chemicals
3.2. Instruments and Apparatus
3.3. Light Control Box
3.4. Extraction of Peroxidase Enzyme from Cassia Bark
3.5. Peroxidase Enzyme Extract Activity Study
3.6. Peroxidase Enzymatic Analytical Method Synergied with DLLME for Determination of Carbaryl by Smartphone-Based Digital Image Analysis
3.7. Optimization of Carbaryl Determination Conditions Using Crude Peroxidase Enzyme
3.8. Optimization for DLLME
3.9. Validation Methods
3.10. Samples
3.11. Reference Method
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Detection Technique | Pre-concentration Method | Reagent | Linearity | a LOD | Recovery (%) | b RSD (%) | Sample | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spectrophotometry | - | Diazotized 2-aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid | 0.01–0.1 mg· L−1 | - | 96–98 | - | Soil and insecticide | [32] |
Spectrophotometry | - | p-Aminophenol, p-N,N-dimethylphenylenediamine, dihydrochloride, and 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid | 0.08–1 mg L−1 | 0.08 mg·L−1 | 92.0–97.5 | 1 | Insecticide, water and grains | [35] |
Spectrophotometry | - | 2,6-Dibromo-4-methylaniline, 2,4,6-tribromoaniline, and 2,6-dibromo-4-nitroaniline | 0.6–10.0 mg· L−1 | 0.825 mg·L−1 | 94.20–99.00 | <2 | Environmental Samples | [34] |
Spectrophotometry | c CPE | Rhodamine-B | 0.04–0.4 mg· L−1 | 0.005 mg·L−1 | 97.80–101.20 | <2 | Water and grains | [36] |
Spectrophotometry | d DLME and e DMSPE | 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid | 10–100 μg·L−1 | 8 ng·mL−1 | 97.3–108.1 | 8.5 | Tap water, field water and fruit juice | [58] |
Spectrophotometry | f SPE gQ uEChERS and h DLLME | 4-AP, H2O2 with crude rubber tree bark peroxidase extracts | 0.1–3.0 mg L−1 | 0.06 mg·L−1 | 83–118 | <4 | Vegetable sample | [52] |
Digital image colorimetry | i LPME | 4-Methoxybenzene-diazonlum tetrafluoroborate (MBDF) | 0.03–30.0 mg·kg−1 | 0.006–0.008 mg·kg−1 | 92.3–105.9 | <5 | Food sample | [41] |
Smartphone-based digital image analysis | DLLME | 4-AP, H2O2 with non-purified peroxidase extracts from Senna siamea Lam. bark | 0.10-0.50 mg·L−1 | 0.03 mg·L−1 | 82.5–108.2 | 4.9 | Pharmaceutical sample | This work |
Sample | Added (mg·L−1) | Smartphone-Based Digital Images (n = 3) | HPLC-UV (n = 3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Found (mg·L−1 ± SD) | Mean Recovery, %(RSD) | Carbaryl Content (mg·kg−1 ± SD) | Found (mg·L−1 ± SD) | Mean Recovery, %(RSD) | Carbaryl Content (mg·kg−1 ± SD) | ||
1 | 0.1 | 0.11 * ± 0.01 | 108(6) | 9.48 ± 0.15 | 0.100 ± 0.005 | 100(7) | 9.72 ± 0.30 |
0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 100(2) | 0.177 ± 0.009 | 88(5) | |||
0.3 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 104(9) | 0.289 ± 0.014 | 96(5) | |||
2 | 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 101(10) | <LOD | 0.100 ± 0.005 | 100(2) | <LOD |
0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 99(3) | 0.184 ± 0.009 | 93(5) | |||
0.3 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 84(5) | 0.340 ± 0.010 | 114(3) | |||
3 | 0.1 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 87(3) | <LOD | 0.100 ± 0.003 | 100(1) | <LOD |
0.2 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 92(2) | 0.189 ± 0.004 | 95(2) | |||
0.3 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 101(2) | 0.288 ± 0.011 | 96(3) | |||
4 | 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 98(5) | 13.55 ± 0.34 | 0.089 ± 0.004 | 89(3) | 14.83 ± 0.13 |
0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 98(4) | 0.198 ± 0.012 | 99(6) | |||
0.3 | 0.32 ± 0.00 | 105(5) | 0.285 ± 0.009 | 95(3) | |||
5 | 0.1 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 83(6) | 6.98 ± 0.16 | 0.097 ± 0.007 | 97(5) | 6.57 ± 0.11 |
0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 98(3) | 0.184 ± 0.013 | 92(7) | |||
0.3 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 91(4) | 0.284 ± 0.009 | 94(3) | |||
6 | 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 103(4) | 16.22 ± 0.29 | 0.095 ± 0.008 | 95(6) | 15.56 ± 0.32 |
0.2 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 105(2) | 0.193 ± 0.005 | 97(3) | |||
0.3 | 0.32 ± 0.00 | 106(3) | 0.282 ± 0.007 | 93(3) | |||
7 | 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 101(5) | 9.42 ± 0.97 | 0.102 ± 0.003 | 102(2) | 10.15 ± 0.40 |
0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 98(5) | 0.195 ± 0.003 | 99(2) | |||
0.3 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 87(2) | 0.280 ± 0.006 | 93(2) | |||
8 | 0.1 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 109(5) | <LOD | 0.103 ± 0.005 | 103(7) | <LOD |
0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 99(2) | 0.190 ± 0.006 | 95(3) | |||
0.3 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 96(4) | 0.307 ± 0.003 | 102(2) | |||
9 | 0.1 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 90(5) | <LOD | 0.104 ± 0.003 | 103(2) | <LOD |
0.2 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 93(4) | 0.212 ± 0.009 | 106(5) | |||
0.3 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 91(3) | 0.315 ± 0.006 | 105(2) | |||
10 | 0.1 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 108(4) | 5.54 ± 0.13 | 0.103 ± 0.003 | 103(3) | 6.31 ± 0.70 |
0.2 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 93(5) | 0.195 ± 0.002 | 103(3) | |||
0.3 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 95(3) | 0.310 ± 0.006 | 103(3) |
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Supharoek, S.-a.; Siriangkhawut, W.; Grudpan, K.; Ponhong, K. A Simple and Reliable Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Smartphone-Based Digital Images for Determination of Carbaryl Residues in Andrographis paniculata Herbal Medicines Using Simple Peroxidase Extract from Senna siamea Lam. Bark. Molecules 2022, 27, 3261. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103261
Supharoek S-a, Siriangkhawut W, Grudpan K, Ponhong K. A Simple and Reliable Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Smartphone-Based Digital Images for Determination of Carbaryl Residues in Andrographis paniculata Herbal Medicines Using Simple Peroxidase Extract from Senna siamea Lam. Bark. Molecules. 2022; 27(10):3261. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103261
Chicago/Turabian StyleSupharoek, Sam-ang, Watsaka Siriangkhawut, Kate Grudpan, and Kraingkrai Ponhong. 2022. "A Simple and Reliable Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Smartphone-Based Digital Images for Determination of Carbaryl Residues in Andrographis paniculata Herbal Medicines Using Simple Peroxidase Extract from Senna siamea Lam. Bark" Molecules 27, no. 10: 3261. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103261